How Bilingualism Has Impacted The United States Modern...

Rebeca Patino Formal Essay #4 OAKS D America vs Language In the article, Speak Spanish, You’re in America!: El Huracan over language and Culture, Juan Gonzalez, a journalist and broadcaster of the daily show, Democracy Now, describes how bilingualism has impacted the United States’ modern education system. He describes an amendment that would constitute English as the official in the United States, which he believes can be a potential threat to the educational system. Gonzalez suggests that instead of having an amendment that constitutes English as the national language, American schools should implement Spanish to highlight the importance of being bilingualism in the American educational system. A constitutional amendment declaring English as the national language would be damaging to bilingual students because it would limit their capability of communicating in English or their native language, and therefore they have would fall behind in classes and will not succeed in the American educational system. To highlight the im portance of bilingualism, even more the educational system should implement a variety of languages. It is beneficial for bilingual students to be taught in both their native language and in English to assimilate with ease into the American educational system. Gonzalez demonstrates how Native Americans, especially the Cherokees implemented English in their curriculum while also teaching them their own language. This form of teaching did not only teachShow MoreRelated The Importance of Foreign Language Education Essay3555 Words   |  15 PagesThe Importance of Foreign Language Education The main goal of learning a new language is to be able to communicate in that language. The ERIC database’s thesaurus defines language proficiency as the capacity of a person to accurately and fluently communicate using language (Language Proficiency, 2004). While gaining this ability is a main reason for studying a foreign language, there are many other reasons why everyone should take the time to do so. Occupational, cultural and developmental benefitsRead MoreEssay on Understanding the Principles and Practices of Assessment16693 Words   |  67 Pagesinstitutions in the system as a whole: the evaluation role. 1.2 Key Concepts and Principles of Assessment Assessments are usually: Internally set – produced by the assessor or module tutor, for example, questions, projects or assignments Externally set – usually by an Awarding/Examining body, for example, an examination at the end of the programme. These will be marked either by module tutor, or the Awarding/Examining body. The assessment strategy should state how the subject should be

National Identity in Film Free Essays

The Piano, by Campion, and Truman Show, by Weir both interact with concepts of national identity in separate ways.   Both of these films are products of New Zealand culture, either through production or in cultural discourse.   Both films have also been well received and heavily awarded. We will write a custom essay sample on National Identity in Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Piano tells the story of Ada McGrath.   She is a Scotswoman from New Zealand who is sold into marriage.   The film is staged in 1851. She doesn’t speak throughout the majority of the film, but expresses herself through her piano playing; this is until her husband leaves her piano on a beach.   This is symbolic of his lack of love for her and an example of the emptiness in Ada’s life.   The piano is then sold to their neighbor George Baines who convinces Ada to give him piano lessons and eventually sexual favors.   As Ada gradually falls in love with Baines through their connection of the piano, she finds meaning for her life. The Truman Show is directed by Australian Peter Weir and written by New Zealander Andrew Niccol.   The story follows Truman Burbank who is unaware that his entire life, since birth, has been an organized farce for a television series/project.   He is luckily chosen, out of a group of five baby orphans, to be the star of the show.   The Truman Show represents Truman’s life.   Viewers are told that Truman’s birth was broadcast live on television, but his child rearing is not presented in the film. The idea behind national identity is that one defines their self through the identity of their nation.   In their article, National Identity and Self-Esteem, Jeff Spinner-Halev and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse analyze the nature of national identity.   They adopt the theory that if the self-esteem of an individual is tied to their nation than it’s the perfect proponent to maintain safe and secure nations.   They feel that there is an immediate connection between self respect and group identity; so much so, it could lead to one sacrificing their own personal needs for the good of the group. They also acknowledge that there is a competitive nature within group self esteem; this meaning that most groups want their group to do better than others.   This is often seen in the patriotic nature of political propaganda, carried out by many countries to convince soldiers to go to war.   This system of control is one known for cajoling groups to fallow a certain program or way of thinking by catering to individuals’ wants, needs, or taking advantage of their fears. This complex of national identity is a major aspect of a government’s societal control, as well as a significant ideal satirized in The Truman Show.   It is most visibly personified in the character of the show’s producer Christof.   He argues that human beings accept the world in which they are presented, and uses this to justify why Truman hasn’t figured out his predicament up to this point.   All of the employees, of the studio, acting as Truman’s family, friends and extras living within the town, can all be viewed as nationalists to the studio’s regime. The National Identity of these films can be directly corresponded to the culture and history of New Zealand.   In 1945, the New Zealand Film Critic Gordon Mirams argued that if there was a New Zealand culture, it was a mostly a Hollywood creation. The only thing more popular than going to the movies, in New Zealand, was drinking tea, during that time period. This idea is supported by the statistic that for many years New Zealanders were the most frequenters of the movie world. In their book New Zealand Film 1912-1996 Helen Martin and Sam Edwards analyze the filmography of many films produced during this century in New Zealand.   This book basically analyzes the entire history of film in New Zealand.   The two authors managed to find more than 162 films.   In formulating their list and deciding on what they would identify as New Zealand Films, they decided the film had to have a significant connection to the location in terms of the film’s creators, cast, copyright holder, financiers, production team, and technical equipment. They also felt that a film that holds a sociological connection to New Zealand should be categorized as a New Zealand films as well.   Thus, they included The Piano in their list of films pointing out that though it was not filmed in New Zealand, its story was still set there.   The authors also felt it the film addressed social issues pertaining to the history of New Zealand within the time frame it was set. The Piano, identified as a socially conscious New Zealander film, it is identified as such through its understanding of national identity and the plight of the New Zealand people.   This can be seen in the fact that the film is a historically place romance, and has much cultural significance.   The film is often credited for its style, in that it is deemed as a historical romance and a contemporary romance in a historical setting. In his article, Lost causes: the ideology of national identity in Australian cinema, John Slavin does an in-depth analysis of the cultural connotations present in cinema when using it to understand a nation.   His stance is that cinema as well as reality have an interweaving relationship with each other that ultimately define the national identity of a nation.   He further explains this in his closing statements when he says, Ideology transforms individuals into constitutive social subjects by interpelation, the Althusserian term for the seductive mirror images of coherent identity promoted by cultural artifacts such as the popular cinema. But this thesis follows the suggestion that it is the purpose of ideology to represent an imaginary relationship of the cinematic viewer to his/her real conditions of existence. Those real conditions, based on psychic and social displacement are symptomatic of the Marxist definition of alienation†¦ In other words, representations of identity, both national and individual, are thrown into critical doubt within the mythic narratives. (Slavin, 2002). Slavin’s view that though ideology is used in film, national identity is virtually dependant on film narrative is very ironic, considering that he uses ideology by connecting his argument to Marxism.   In the end, the interpretation of his argument, just like national identity, are both dependant on the work and views of their creator, no matter how drenched in history they. Even within this corruption of the true nature of things, Slavin acknowledges that the transitional tendency of film images, etiquette and social relations over the years is a perfect source for study of socio-economic change.   Once one grasps a clear understanding of cinema’s use of ideology to mold national culture, the only question left is, how is ideology used, and national culture shaped, specifically within these two films? In their novel, Piano Lessons: Approaches to the Piano by Felicity Coombs and Suzanne Germmell, the authors work to claim a better understanding of The Piano.   They point out the films originally human nature in the fact that there is no main villain.   The audience is often incited to pity, empathize and despise all three main characters. Baines, Stewart, and Ada can all be viewed as human because they all have their flaws.   It is wrong for Stewart to disregard his wife they way he does, though the nature of his arrange marriage is a notable statement pertaining to the era of the film’s plot.   The audience is allowed to relate to this sociological circumstance, while at the same time despise Stewart for his treatment of Ada.   Whereas Ada is presented as a victim of the cultural norms of her time period, she still transcends beyond this, to adopt contemporary ideals and relate to the audience.   The fact that she cheats on her husband is a motive for dislike, but it is also key to the liberation she achieves from her mundane existence. The fact that she does not embody the role of the victim throughout the entire film is testament to the film’s reality.   Baines also becomes an equally likeable figure in that his sexual advances evolve from something seemingly corrupt to an actual full blown love affair.   This triangular relationship between the three main characters says a lot about male and female relations during the time.   The authors also correspond to Ada’s relationship with men to the nature of post-colonialism, which was also a big part of New Zealand at this time and also a big part of this film. The relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed is a key theme in the relationships Ada has with men.   The colonial history of 1850’s New Zealand is encompassed within the plot.   This is an example of how ideology is used in narrative to enhance the value of a message more relevant.   In confronting these ideals of colonization, the film came under much scrutiny.   Many felt the film gave a false presentation of race.   During this time there were many Maori, who argued they were the product of White New Zealanders’ social injustice. They felt the film’s disregard for their cultural relevance was a form of national mythmaking, in avoiding the argument that whites staked claim on their land. This conflict is overlooked by the plot, but the nature of its severity is still implied through the topic being completely disregarded. It is also a common controversy within the land that many foreign investors come and buy land, from potentially the wrong owners. By disregarding their true history, the national identity presented for New Zealand is that of a small land with a history for sale. The connection with national identity here is cultural.   This differs from the connection visible in The Truman Show. Just like The Piano, The Truman Show poses an argument larger than itself in respect to national identity, only this film speaks more metaphorically.   The idea previously posed in National Identity and Self Esteem, was that national identity is largely the product of a model that is followed by a group of people.   These people are so caught up in the ideals of the group, they rather sacrifice their own individual comforts for the good of the team. The authors found that these groups are also very competitive with one another, identifying their identity with that of the group and basing the groups identity on their contrast from other groups.   This becomes very relative to some of Rene Girard’s views.   In his seminal theory of mediated desire Rene Girard argues that human desire is imitative.   His views is that the goals we hold most personal are actually the desires of others which we want to achieve because others want to achieve them. This is very compatible with the ideals of national culture and the cult group fallowing it incites.   This is also seen constantly in The Truman Show, the main motivation for Truman to escape the studio/town is to travel to Fiji after his one true love.   If the character personifying his school crush had never desired to move there, Truman would have never desired to follow.   This is a direct personification of Girard’s theory, as well as an example of Morse and Halev’s version of national identity.   Here it is easy to see the differing way in which The Truman Show represents national identity from how it is used in The Piano. In sum, through an understanding of identity theory and New Zealand culture, we can develop a better understanding of the directors’ use of national identity in the films The Piano, and The Truman Show.   National identity is depicted in The Piano through its cultural connotations, historical representation, and it authenticity to social norms. Despite all of its awards, the films inability to stay true to the ethnic history of the town is proof that it attempts to mold national identity through its filmic ideals.   The directors pick and chose the ideology they identify with and disregard the other aspect of New Zealand culture.   Whereas The Truman Show does not attempt to shape the national culture of New Zealand, it is virtually unidentifiable as a New Zealand film, except for the fact that is written by a New Zealander. What the film contributes to national identity is its use of the theories backing it, and its own underlying message on the nature of the conflict. What the film reveals about national identity is its dependency on the narrative of a film.   The ironic fact is that it does this through its own abuse of the power.   Truman represents everyman against the crowd.   The complex world he interacts with is very similar to the real world, only in his world he really is the center of attention.   The most intimate aspects of an individual’s life, like marriage, personal goals and beliefs are all a product of a false reality. This concept is very similar to Freudian theory, Marxist theory, biblical references and even many science fiction narratives.   What the films reveals about national identity is its core nature.   The entire town operates in one direction and for one purpose.   Truman is the only one who is unaware of this purpose, but he still seems to follow along contributing to what he feels is the best interest of the group.   His desires are compatible with his nation’s desires, until he breaks free from this methodology of control.   Both of these films interact with national identity theory; both are products of New Zealander culture, and both are great films. Work Cited Adorno, Theodor W. and Max Horkheimer. Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. 1947. Trans. Edmund Jephcott. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2002. Chatman, Seymour (1978) Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press). Cheshire, Ellen. Jane Campion. Great Britain: Pocket Essentials, 2000. Eric Young (Executive Producer). (1998). â€Å"How’s It Going To End? The Making of The Truman Show, Part II† [DVD (Special Feature)]. Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment. Girard, Renà ©. Deceit, Desire, and the Novel: Self and Other in Literary Structure. Trans. Yvonne Freccero. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1965. Helen Martin and Sam Edwards, New Zealand Film, 1912-1996. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1997. vi+215 pp. Illustrations, bibliography, index. Kaufman, Cynthia. â€Å"Colonialism, Purity, and Resistance in The Piano.† Socialist Review 24 (1995): 251-55. Sanes, Ken. Truman as Archetype. Transparencynow.com. 1996-2001. 29 July 2004. http://www.transparencynow.com/truman.htm. Slavin, John (2002) Lost causes : the ideology of national identity in Australian cinema. PhD thesis, Department of English, University of Melbourne. The Piano. (2007, January 18). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:37, January 22, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pianooldid=101515698 The Truman Show. (2007, January 19). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:33, January 22, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Truman_Showoldid=101870034 The Truman Show (1998) Directed by Peter Weir, screenplay by Andrew Niccol (Hollywood, CA: Paramount). How to cite National Identity in Film, Essay examples

Marketing Strategia free essay sample

Company has to develop a strategy to remain competitive in the toiletries industry. As of 1980, there were as many as 60 companies and 200 brands in the industry highlighting the highly competitive rivalry in the market and the abundance of substitutes due to lowly differentiated products . Faced, with two options either to introduce a new brand, Cambridge, or to expand distribution into food stores. We have decided to analyze these options based on 3 perspectives; Branding, Sales, Distribution and Competition. All reference to exhibits are made with reference to the case, â€Å"MEM Company, Inc. † by Harvard Business School unless otherwise stated. Branding Consolidation of suppliers met that most companies had access to the same type of fragrances. As a result, branding was a major differentiating factor English Leather was an established brand with a high level of brand awareness, ranking second only to Brut in unaided advertising awareness and being equal in terms of total brand awareness . We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, MEM employees have already begun voicing concerns that the brand was growing ‘tired’. Exhibit 12 provides evidence of this as it states that during a focus group, the participants perceived English Leather as a less Sophisticated brand that â€Å"the guys wore in college†. Further examination of the brands slogans compared with its competition revealed its slogan too be provocative and straightforward. Other brands were trying to be intelligent by using slogans with puns (eg. â€Å"Put a little spice in your life† by Old Spice) or by elevating status (eg. For the man who gets the most of his life† by Pierre Cardin) whereas English Leather’s slogan â€Å"All my men wear English Leather or they wear nothing at all† was just an outright claim that looked boring and overly authoritative. Hence, although launching â€Å"Cambridge by English Leather† allows the new brand to ride on English’s Leather’s established name; it also associates Cambridge with English Leather’s archaic image. Finally, Philip Morris Co formerly used the ‘Cambridge’ name for their low-tar cigarettes brand, which could result in people wrongly associating the name with cigarettes rather than toiletries. Competition With 60 companies and 200 brands in the market, competition was stiff. Furthermore, the large number of new products in the MEM’s price segment (medium priced segment) with large advertising expenditures behind them and the increased competition by Brut and Shulton pressured MEM to act fast. While it may seem like launching new product to create hype for MEM seemed a likely solution, launching Cambridge as name by itself required development of the brand from scratch. This would be difficult as the competing brand ‘Blue Stratos’ marketed by Shulton boasted 50% more advertising expenditure than MEM. Another noticeable point was price. Brut’s Brut 33 and Shulton’s Old spice effectively under-cut English Leather’s 6 product lines. This, coupled with both company’s increasing advertising budget represented a grave threat to English Leather. Also, the proposed introduction of ‘Cambridge’ at $10 placed it in between the medium and high market segments. It seemed like ‘Cambridge’ was going to be very expensive mid-market product or it was going to be a very cheap high-end market product. In both cases the danger of ‘Cambridge’ selling at the expense of other MEM products including ‘Acqua di Selva’ existed. Sales and Distribution MEM’s core distribution channel were general merchandise stores though it’s brand lagged behind Old Spice. Interestingly, Exhibit 6 shows that MEM’s main competitors making up 63. 6% of sales in food stores while MEM had none. This, together with the decrease in rack jobbing this represented a new channel for MEM. While the proposed new brand ‘Cambridge’ would bring with it frequent advertising and trade deals, it was questionable if its $10 price point made it the kind of high-turnover product suited to a fast food chain. Perhaps an alternative would be sell smaller quantities of the other 6 lines of products. Further to that, Exhibit 5 revealed something else. Although MEM had a broad product range, it’s sales were heavily skewed with its flagship â€Å"English Leather† brand taking up 68. 3% of sales in 1980. Though cannibalization of the various product lines cannot be ruled out as a reason, MEM’s low advertising expenditure as compared to its competition suggested that its other product lines still had room for growth. The fact that some of MEM’s executives believed that the full potential of Racquet Club had not been realized adds weight to this. Finally, more strain on the proposed ‘Cambridge’ line of products would present itself in the form of chain drug buyers not willing to provide additional shelf facings for MEM products. Assuming this was still the case at the time of the proposed launch, this would cause Cambridge to be selling at the expense of other MEM products and would not lead to increased income for MEM. Conclusion and Recommendations After considering the case facts, it is our view that the proposed ‘Cambridge’ launch would be inadequate as it faces branding issues with its name, fierce competition from Shulton and because it’s pricing puts it in between segments. Instead, MEM should focus the expenditures intended on the new product launch on updating it’s aging brand, developing existing line of products and expanding its distribution channels to food stores. In addition, we recommend that MEM’s subsequent product launches be targeted at a new segment, possibly the low-priced segment to compete with Brut. This will not only help MEM to diversify its current product offering but to put pressure on Brut.

Volcanoes Essay Example For Students

Volcanoes Essay By Tricia Severson2nd hour Science4/30/98A volcano is a vent, or opening, in the surface of the Earth through which magma andassociated gases and ash erupt. The word also refers to the form or structure, usuallyconical, produced by accumulations of erupted material. Volcanoes occur mainly nearplate tectonic boundaries and are especially common around the Pacific basin, called thePacific Ring of Fire (see Plate Tectonics). Humanity has long been awed by this powerful force of nature. The Romans attributedvolcanic events to Vulcan, the god of fire and metalworking. In AD 79 the eruption ofMount Vesuvius destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Polynesiansbelieve volcanoes to be ruled by the fire goddess Pele. One of the most spectacularvolcanic eruptions in recorded history occurred in 1883 with the explosion of Krakatoa,an island in the Sunda Strait near Java (see Krakatoa). A more recent example is thedramatic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range in Wa shington State. Volcano Formation and EruptionsVolcanic eruptions may be violent, even catastrophic, or relatively mild. The mostexplosive eruptions are essentially blasts of steam that create spectacular displays. We will write a custom essay on Volcanoes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Quieter fissure eruptions occur when molten rock pushes through long cracks in theEarths crust and floods the surrounding landscape. Such repeated outpourings of lava canfill surrounding valleys and bury low hills, creating thick lava sequences that eventuallybecome plateaus (see Plateau). The origin of molten rock, referred to by geologists as magma, is not clearlyunderstood. About 80 percent of all magma is composed of basalt rock. Geophysicalresearch suggests that volcanic magma forms near the base of the Earths crust and movesupward to a shallow magma chamber before erupting at the surface. Magmas risebecause they are less dense than the rocks at lower depths, and their heat probablyweakens surrounding rocks. The upward movement of magma may also be due toexpanding gases within the molten rock or to chemical reactions that dissolve rocksabove the magma. Volcanic material moves toward the surface through channelways, orvolcanic conduits, and is extruded through vents at the Earths surface. (See also Lavaand Magma.) Eruptions take different forms depending on the composition of the magma when itreaches the surface. Sudden eruptions are often associated with low-viscosity (morefluid) magma where the expanding gases form a froth that becomes a light, glassy rockcalled pumice. In eruptions of high-viscosity (thicker) magmas, the gas pressure shattersthe rock into fragments. Pyroclastic rocks, formed by volcanic explosion, are namedaccording to size: volcanic ash if sand-sized or smaller, volcanic bombs if larger. Consolidated ash is called tuff. Quieter, more passive eruptions release fluid basalt lavafrom dikes or dike swarms (magma intrusions that cut across layers of rock). Theseeruptions cover large areas and often produce ropy, or pahoehoe, lava flows. Thickerbasalt lava breaks into chunks or blocks, forming blocky lava flows, called aa. The products of volcanism may be classified into two groups: lava and pyroclastics. Lava is the fluid phase of volcanic activity. Pyroclastics (also called tephra) arevarious-sized particles of hot debris thrown out of a volcano. Whether lava orpyroclastics are being ejected, the eruption is normally accompanied by the expulsion ofwater and gases, many of which are poisonous. Lava usually forms long, narrow rivers ofmolten rock that flow down the slopes of a volcano. Explosive eruptions tend to be spectacular events best observed from a safe distance. Earthquakes, high columns of vapors, lightning, and strong whirlwinds often accompanythe explosions. The eruption of Krakatoa unleashed a tsunami, a large seismic sea wave,that swept the coasts of Java and Sumatra and drowned more than 36,000 people. Avolcano can grow with frightening speed and often affects territory far beyond the areaon which the cone forms. When volcanoes are born in the sea, the eruptions may be moreviolent than those on land because the contact between molten rock and seawaterproduces steam. Volcanoes also create craters and calderas. Craters are formed either by the massivecollapse of material during volcanic activity, by unusually violent explosions, or later byerosion during dormancy. Calderas are large, basin-shaped depressions. Most of them areformed after a magma chamber drains and no longer supports the overlying cone, whichthen collapses inward to create the basin. One of the most famous examples is thestill-active Kilauea caldera in Hawaii. Types of Vo lcanoesVolcanoes are usually classified by shape and size. These are determined by such factorsas the volume and type of volcanic material ejected, the sequence and variety oferuptions, and the environment. Among the most common types are shield volcanoes,stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones. Shield volcanoes have a low, broad profile created by highly fluid basalt flows thatspread over wide areas. The fluid basalt cannot build up a cone with sides much steeperthan 7 degrees. Over thousands of years, however, these cones can reach massive size. .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postImageUrl , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:visited , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active { border:0!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mars 3 EssayThe Hawaiian Islands are composed of shield volcanoes that have built up from the seafloor to the surface some 3 miles (5 kilometers) above. Peaks such as Mauna Loa andMauna Kea rise to more than 13,600 feet (4,145 meters) above sea level. Hawaii is thelargest lava structure in the world, while Mauna Loa, if measured from the sea floor, isthe worlds largest mountain in terms of both height and volume. Stratovolcanoes are the most common volcanic form. They are composed of alternatinglayers of lava and pyroclastic material. When a quiet lava flow ends, it creates a seal ofsolidified lava within the conduit of the volcano. Pressure gradually builds up below,setti ng the stage for a violent blast of pyroclastic material. These alternating cycles repeatthemselves, giving stratovolcanoes a violent reputation. A cinder cone is a conical hill of mostly cinder-sized pyroclastics. The profile of thecone is determined by the angle of repose, that is, the steepest angle at which debrisremains stable and does not slide downhill. Larger cinder fragments, which fall near thesummit, can form slopes exceeding 30 degrees. Finer particles are carried farther fromthe vent and form gentle slopes of about 10 degrees at the base of the cone. Thesevolcanoes tend to be explosive but may also extrude some lava. Cinder cones arenumerous, occur in all sizes, and tend to rise steeply above the surrounding area. Thoseoccurring on the flanks of larger volcanoes are called parasitic cones. Volcanic activity typically alternates between short active periods and much longerdormant periods. An extinct volcano is one that is not erupting and is not likely to eruptin the fut ure. A dormant volcano, while currently inactive, has erupted within historictimes and is likely to do so in the future. An inactive volcano is one that has not beenknown to erupt within historic times. Such classification is arbitrary, however, sincealmost any volcano is capable of erupting again. In the late stages of volcanic activity, magma can heat circulating groundwater,producing hot springs and geysers (see Geyser and Fumarole). A geyser is a hot-waterfountain that spouts intermittently with great force. One of the best-known examples isOld Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. Fumaroles are vents that emit gas fumes orsteam. Volcanoes occur along belts of tension, where continental plates diverge, and alongbelts of compression, where the plates converge. Styles of eruption and types of lava areassociated with different kinds of plate boundaries. Most lavas that issue from vents inoceanic divergence zones and from midoceanic volcanoes are basaltic. Where oceanplates collide , the rock types basalt and andesite predominate. Near the zone where anocean plate and continental margin converge, consolidated ash flows are found. Nearly 1,900 volcanoes are active today or known to have been active in historicaltimes. Of these, almost 90 percent are situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire. This belt partlycoincides with the young mountain ranges of western North and South America, and thevolcanic island arcs fringing the north and western sides of the Pacific basin. TheMediterranean-Asian orogenic belt has few volcanoes, except for Indonesia and theMediterranean where they are more numerous. Oceanic volcanoes are strung along theworlds oceanic ridges, while the remaining active volcanoes are associated with theAfrican rift valleys. Study of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanology, a branch of geology, is the study of volcanoes and volcanic activity. Although volcanoes are difficult to study because of the hazards involved, volcanoobservatories have existed for decades. Scientists observe active volcanoes to obtain information that might help predict thetiming and intensity of eruptions. Sensitive instruments detect changes in temperature,chemical composition of emissions, Earth movements, magnetic fields, gravity, and otherphysical properties of the volcano. Modern networks of seismographs provideinformation on the internal structure and activity of volcanoes (see Earthquake). Theintensity, frequency, and location of earthquakes provide important clues to volcanicactivity, particularly impending eruptions. Movements of magma typically producenumerous tremors, sometimes exceeding 1,000 per day. An almost continuous tremorgenerally accompanies a lava outpouring. Tiltmeters (instruments that measure tilting ofthe ground) help detect swelling and deflation of the volcano caused by the accumulationand movement of magma. Researchers a lso monitor variations in the chemistry andpetrology of the lavas and the chemistry of emitted gases. Volcanoes erupt in a wide variety of ways. Even a single volcano may go throughseveral eruption phases in one active period. Eruptions are classified according to thegeochemical composition and viscosity of the lavas, nature of the flows or ash release,and associated phenomena. Magmatic eruptions are the most common, but the mostviolent arise from steam explosions when the fiery magma reaches surface water, ice, orgroundwater. Pelean eruptions, named after the 1902 eruption of Mount Pele on the Caribbeanisland of Martinique, are characterized by incandescent flows of rock and pumicefragments. The entrapment of high-temperature gases in these glowing avalanches,known by the French term nue ardente, is associated with a particularly violent phase oferuption. Eruptions of intermediate force are typified by Plinian eruptions, named after Pliny theElder, who witnessed the volcanic destru ction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Plinianeruptions are characterized by both the extrusion of high-viscosity lava flows and theviolent explosion of released gases that blast huge quantities of ash, cinders, bombs, andblocks skyward. Volcanic mudflows, landslides, and lahars (flows of volcanic debris)may also follow, particularly if the eruptions are accompanied by rainstorms. Less violent Hawaiian and Strombolian-type eruptions are associated with fissures thatoften produce a line of fire fountains. These geyserlike fountains of lava may shootseveral hundred feet into the air and form a nearly continuous curtain of fire. The basaltlava is extremely fluid and flows down the mountain sides in torrents. When thesestreams reach the sea, they form pillow lavas, lobes of stacked lava that resemble a pileof pillows. Volcanoes provide a wealth of natural resources. Emissions of volcanic rock, gas, andsteam are sources of important industrial materials and chemicals, such as pumice, boricaci d, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. In Iceland most of the homes in Reykjavk areheated by hot water tapped from volcanic springs. Greenhouses heated in the same waycan provide fresh vegetables and tropical fruits to this subarctic island. Geothermal steamis exploited as a source of energy for the production of electricity in Italy, New Zealand,the United States, Mexico, Japan, and Russia. The scientific study of volcanoes providesuseful information on Earth processes.

The concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. The WritePass Journal

The concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. Introduction The concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. IntroductionLocality ProjectConclusion:References:Related Introduction Locality Project In this essay I will be examining the concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. I have chosen Newham as this is where I was located on placement and therefore have encountered a very diverse and multicultural way of life, hence the theme for this essay. Over the last 20 years London has become more and more a diverse and multicultural society, â€Å"London, England, United Kingdom, population 7,556,900 in 2007 claims to be one of the most ethnically diverse cities on earth, with over 300 languages spoken in it.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London. Also I would like a better understanding to the social and cultural aspects of the patients within that area and to further my own knowledge for future references in the healthcare sector. The term religion is â€Å"a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a supernatural agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion. In placement I came across many Muslim patients and therefore judged the majority of the population in Newham to be Muslims. â€Å"Newham has the fourth smallest proportion of Christians in England and Wales, 47 percent. Its second largest religious group is Muslim, with 24 per cent of the population.† newham.gov.uk/YourCouncil/CensusInformation/NewhamintheCensus-aSynopsis.htm. By using sociological and psychological perspectives I will try to analyze the affect religion has on the health of people from different religions and cultures in Newham. Religion can create many communities by sharing the same faiths, beliefs and values; however community has numerous associations depending on how it is used and in what context. Community plays a huge role in people’s lives; it constructs a sense of belonging and identity. The Oxford English Dictionary has various definitions for community such as â€Å"a group of people living together in one place.† â€Å"The people of an area or country considered collectively; society.† â€Å"A group of people with a common religion, race, or profession: the scientific community.† â€Å"The holding of certain attitudes and interests in common.† â€Å"A group of interdependent plants or animals growing or living together or occupying a specified habitat. askoxford.com/concise_oed/community?view=uk. The three I have found to be useful in relation to my essay are â€Å"a group of people living together in one place.† I feel this is the most basic definition as there could be no community without people occupying it. Also â€Å"the people of an area or country considered collectively; society† and â€Å"a group of people with a common religion, race, or profession: the scientific community.† From what I have experienced in my locality I feel these definitions are most relevant as they build an awareness of the different religious communities in Newham. From a psychological point of view (Azarya 1985) sees community â€Å"in terms of social relationships or sentiment.† I feel in this case, community can be focussed towards the relationship a person has with their superior being in whuch their religion divulges from which is both personal and sentimental to them, therefore it contributes to the social relationships in a community. A sociological definition of community is â€Å"traditionally a community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location. The word is often used to refer to a group that is organized around common values and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community. I have chosen to follow the sociological perspective of community to help my understanding as I feel that society has a big impact on religion; coincided with the psychology behind decisions due to religion. Although I feel that the sociological aspect of community is more identifiable in today’s multicultural society, â€Å"in sociology, the concept of community has led to significant debate, and sociologists are yet to reach agreement on a definition of the term. There were ninety-four discrete definitions of the term by the mid-1950s.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community. I have looked at Max Weber’s theory on religion to identify and rationalise that religion could affect an individual’s heath. Weber’s theory is concerned with the way both religion and society influences each other and concentrates on the way religion configures reasons for suffering and death, (Weber, 1974). I also feel that people look to religion to make sense of difficulties that they couldn’t understand, â€Å"science can fundamentally explain how a sickness for example can occur, we cannot go to the depth of why it occurred† thus   Weber saw religion as a way of people understanding the cause behind it. Also Weber found that in a lot of religious traditions it is believed suffering if a form of punishment from a higher being. This explains how in some religions medicine and other forms of healthcare may be rejected, due to belief that handing yourself over to the will of God is the right thing to do and having faith. Jehovah’s Witness are an example of this as â€Å"they seek alternatives to blood transfusions due to their belief that a human must not sustain his or her life with another creature’s blood†. Based on Weber’s insights of religion I have come to an understanding that people with strong religious beliefs value life, and everything bad that comes with it is a punishment from God, having still maintaining faith as God has done this to them for a reason and therefore should accept them without question. From a psychological perspective â€Å"spiritual or religious beliefs have been shown to be associated with increased psychological well-being and better health.† (Koenig and Cohen 2002). This suggests that spiritual and religious guidance aids the emotional state of a person and as London is a more diverse and multicultural society today, it is important to have an open mind and to be prepared for differences which may occur in different religious beliefs. For many Muslims, their faith is a vital source of support, comfort and strength. â€Å"Most Muslims believe that Allah never puts a greater burden on a person than she or he has the capacity to bear, (Qur’an 2; 23).† This suggests that they strongly believe the approach that everything happens for a reason. Also â€Å"illness and death are not punishments from Allah, any more than health is a reward.† I have also looked at a website which was directed at Muslims, â€Å"from an Islamic perspective health is viewed as one of the greatest blessings that God has bestowed on mankind. It should be noted that the greatest blessing after belief is health, as narrated in the following Hadith:† and â€Å"God has entrusted us with our bodies for a predestined period of time. He will hold us to account on how we looked after and utilised our bodies and good health.† muslimhealthnetwork.org/islamandhealth.shtml. This theory from the Muslim Health Network explains the religions view of health and that to them it is a blessing to have a good health therefore Muslims shouldn’t do things that would jeopardise their health in anyway, such as not smoking and drinking. â€Å"Islam strictly forbids indulgence in intoxicants such as alcohol and drugs for good reason. The limited pleasure of such vices causes immense long-term damage to both mind, body and the social fabric of society. Particular schools of thought include smoking within the list of prohibitions because of its harmful effects on the body.† muslimhealthnetwork.org/islamandhealth.shtml. These are all examples of how religion and faith plays a significant part in affecting health in a positive way. (Neuberger, 1994a) stated â€Å"nurses who work with patients who come from various religious backgrounds need to make themselves familiar with the basic beliefs of the religion concerned, in order to care for a patient and recognise their possible spiritual and cultural needs.† As London is so diverse it is important that nurses and other healthcare professionals to have some sort of conception of each religion. This view varies from that of Weber’s as Neuberger implies that it is the nurse’s responsibility to provide the appropriate care needed for the individual. I have found some quotes which have also helped me to understand how religion can affect health in today’s society. â€Å"Today, many medical professionals and religious leaders believe it’s a blend of the scientific and the spiritual that prove to promote health and reduce disease.† goodnewsblog.com/2007/04/23/can-prayer-influence-health. Also â€Å"patients draw on prayer and other religious resources to navigate and overcome the spiritual challenges that arise in their experiences of illness.† newsmedical.net/news/2007/04/10/23336.aspx. These quotes and overall I believe that people who have strong religious beliefs accept the saying ‘everything happens for a reason’ and therefore place their understanding and perception of life with God. This aids an individual with emotional support when science cannot find what the root of their health complications are and therefore enables them to seek help and guidance from their religion. To gather information I used both primary and secondary recourses to help with my research, in order to attain consistent and constructive information to make my findings accurate. I looked at a website providing local and national statistics and found that excluding Christians, the majority of Newham’s population were Muslim, therefore I felt focussing my essay towards the religion of Islam most appropriate. However nine percent of people’s religion was not stated so the accuracy of this was not extremely reliable. As this was a government website, the statistics and information held on it would be reliable and accurate. In relation to health within Newham, I found a table containing sufficient data on religion, health, ethnicity and much more. I also did a search on Google to find some more information on the relationship between health and religion and came up with the Muslim health network site which gave me a better take on the Islamic perspective of health and wellbeing. Using the internet was efficient as I was able to acquire all the data I required.   The only disadvantage to this was that some websites such as; Wikipedia, can be edited therefore, some information or websites cannot be trusted as anyone can edit the webpage. However, websites such as directgov.co.uk and many others are copyrighted therefore, cannot be edited unless you have the authorisation to do so, due to copyright acts, which means these are reliable websites to seize facts and figures from. Being able to borrow several books from the library was very convenient as this allowed me to widen my understanding and to correlate the sociological and psychological views in more depth with religion and health. Although looking for the right books and appropriate information was time consuming, I felt the books were more useful than the websites that I used to gather evidence. However an inconvenience of using books is that it can be outdated and therefore the relevance to practice nowadays may not apply as well. I then went on to look at Newham’s and the BBC religion website; this showed me how religion can create communities within boroughs and how areas with members of the same faith attract people of the same religions. â€Å"Concentrated communities of Muslims are found in the boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham; Jews in Harrow, Barnet and north Hackney; and Hindus in Brent.† http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6978116. In my placement area, London borough of Newham, I came across a lot of multicultural patients who had different faiths. As I lacked knowledge in their particular beliefs I chose to do my essay on religion and capture the affects religion may have on health. Ethnicity and Religion   national commentary Ethnic Group (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 White 51.4% 91.3% 374 31   Ã‚  Ã‚  Largest minority ethnic group(s) Bangladeshi (33.4%) Black African (3.4%) Black Caribbean (2.7%) Place of birth (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Born in UK 65.3% 91.1% 369 26 Born elsewhere in EU (inc Rep Ireland) 3.9% 2.3% 33 23 Born outside EU 30.8% 6.6% 6 6 Religion (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Christian 38.6% 71.7% 376 33 Buddhist 1.0% 0.3% 12 11 Hindu 0.8% 1.1% 71 32 Jewish 0.9% 0.5% 24 13 Muslim 36.4% 3.0% 1 1 Sikh 0.3% 0.6% 71 18 Other 0.3% 0.3% 165 30 No religion 14.2% 14.8% 206 23 Religion not stated 7.4% 7.7% 191 27 To start my research I used the internet to see whether I can find out which religions were practised in Newham. However I came across national statistics giving percentages of the different religions we have in the United Kingdom as you can see from the table below. The table below shows ‘ethnicity and religion’ I found that apart from Christians the second highest percentage was Muslim, and this is why I decided to mainly focus on them in this essay. statistics.gov.uk. I then went on to look at the percentages of religions in my particular place of interest; London borough of Newham. As you can see from the table below there is still a high percentage of Christians but still the next highest is Muslim being a considerable 24.3 percent. Ethnicity and Religion   national commentary Ethnic Group (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 White 39.4% 91.3% 376 33   Ã‚  Ã‚  Largest minority ethnic group(s) Black African (13.1%) Indian (12.1%) Bangladeshi (8.8%) Place of birth (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Born in UK 61.8% 91.1% 373 30 Born elsewhere in EU (inc Rep Ireland) 2.6% 2.3% 82 30 Born outside EU 35.6% 6.6% 2 2 Religion (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Christian 46.8% 71.7% 373 31 Buddhist 0.7% 0.3% 25 22 Hindu 6.9% 1.1% 7 6 Jewish 0.2% 0.5% 104 32 Muslim 24.3% 3.0% 2 2 Sikh 2.8% 0.6% 16 5 Other 0.3% 0.3% 156 29 No religion 9.0% 14.8% 360 33 Religion not stated 9.0% 7.7% 24 11 I also found an article on the BBC website, where I found a section relating to how religion has caused segregation in London involving areas such as Newham and other neighbouring boroughs like Tower Hamlets. Religion not race segregates city London is far more segregated on religious grounds than by race, new research reveals. The university of East London has created a map showing the city as a patchwork of religious enclaves. It show that in some areas, minority religions make up 80% of the population. Only 3% of Londons seven million residents live in areas classed as racially segregated, but 25% live in religiously-segregated neighbourhoods. The study also questioned whether ministers are right after the 2001 race riots and the 7 July bombings to attempt to tackle segregation. Forge links The findings indicated living in segregated communities could actually benefit some of the minorities involved, although Muslims were more likely to be trapped in deprived areas and less likely to forge links with other groups living around them. Professor Allan Brimicombe, author of the study based on census data, said: Traditionally the amount of residential segregation in London has been looked at in terms of ethnicity. â€Å" Any government plan that talks about parallel lives and a lack of integration being a bad thing is missing the point its not bad for everybody † Professor Allan Brimicombe By ethnicity there is not very much residential segregation. But when you turn it around and look at religious self-identity we see there is a lot of segregation in London by minority religious groups. The citys religious breakdown was then compared with information indicating deprivation, such as educational qualifications and housing types. We found that a level of segregation actually seems to improve the lot of people living in areas that are segregated along religious self-identity lines, said the author. Muslims trapped The Jews, Hindus and Sikhs seem to be better off in areas that are dominated by their own religion, except for the Muslim-dominated areas which get progressively worse off as they become more segregated. Any government plan that talks about parallel lives and a lack of integration being a bad thing is missing the point its not bad for everybody. But for one group, the Muslims, they seem to be trapped in a spiral where they cant seem to move out of high deprivation areas. Concentrated communities of Muslims are found in the boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham; Jews in Harrow, Barnet and north Hackney; and Hindus in Brent. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6978116.stm This article has given me a different angle on religion as it talks about how religious communities keep together in an area. I feel that this sense of segregation created by religious groups may cause conflict among those from another religion. It sort of has the view of ‘looking after your own’ and therefore forms a rift between different religious groups. I also found a piece on the role spirituality and religion plays in healthcare, I really enjoyed reading this piece as it outlined the way and reasons people need religion and spirituality in their lives in times of illness and bad health. It helps them to support their emotional state through prayers and mediations to make sense of the reasons behind illness. â€Å"Spirituality and religion have always been an essential component of health and well-being. In modern times, the role of spirituality and religion in medicine encompasses such practices as the use of meditation and prayer in healing, pastoral counseling, evoking forgiveness and compassion, engaging the mystery of death in end of life care, and the search for meaning in illness for patients and families as well as the health professionals who work with them.   Integrative medicine acknowledges and promotes the importance of bringing spirituality into the healing process.† bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/ Also there has been research which has shown that having a religious faith; people do tend to have a better health status. I think this may be because religious people believe the preservation of life is vital and therefore do whatever they can to look after it and avoid things they believe would harm their bodies. â€Å"While there are challenges in conducting quantifiable scientific research on the effects of practices as unquantifiable as prayer, recent research has begun to shed light on the role of spirituality in health.   There is already some preliminary evidence for a connection between prayer and related practices and health outcomes, noted Catherine Stoney, PhD, an NCCAM Program Officer in the Division of Extramural Research and Training.   For example, weve seen some evidence that religious affiliation and religious practices are associated with health and mortality- in other words, with better health and longer life. Such connections may involve immune function, cardiovascular function, and/or other physiological changes.† â€Å"Research on prayer and healing has a spiritual dimension, suggests Larry Dossey, MD, an expert on the role of both consciousness and prayer in health. The primary reason to focus on the role of prayer in healing is not to prove its effectiveness, Dossey said. The best reason goes deeper.   Prayer says something incalculably important about who we are and what our destiny may be.† bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/ Conclusion: Whilst doing this assignment I have explored a range of different attitudes on health and religion, to see whether there is a link between having religious beliefs and better health. The use of sociological and psychological perspectives has helped me to aid my research of religious communities within the borough of Newham to see if religion affects health. I have mostly favoured the idea that religion does affect health and tried to find evidence to help me support this. I have realised that religion is an immense topic and has many different factors which involve health in a variety of ways. Health isn’t just about illness and disease, health consists of everyday social aspects in life for example happiness, good relationships, working etc. There needs to be a balance of everything an individual needs and craves in order to maintain a good health. After the research I carried out, through many sources, I feel I have a better knowledge on the community of Newham’s religion and health as I was unaware of how many religious groups were based in Newham and which religions were most dominant. It is distinctive that religion can have an overriding affect on health and my theories and findings have assisted me to display this. It has shown me the reasons for a particular religion to turn down medication for an illness and why they choose to do so.   Also it has helped me to be familiar with the motivation for them to eat the way they do and do things such as fast. I tried to find statistics on the internet on different cultures and diabetes but was unable to do so, but have discovered that diabetes is common amongst Muslims, also that some of the older generations of Muslims lack knowledge and understanding of the illness, due to fasting and then eating a high sugar diet to keep them going it is more likely that a Muslim person to contract diabetes. After a great deal of consideration and investigations I have come to the following conclusions that religion does have an effect on health and there are both negative and positive sides to it. For instance Muslims where they choose not to smoke or drink is a positive thing and Jehovah’s Witness who would refuse blood transfusions can be seen as negative if they require a blood transfusion in order to save their life. Nevertheless, people’s wishes due to their faith must be respected and valued. As a student nurse I felt this topic has enhanced my knowledge of the diverse and multicultural society we have.   After being in placement I have already gained an insight into the area, however I am aware that I will encounter people from different religions and will be in contact with them every day in my nursing career. I feel that now I have a much greater understanding of what I am to expect during my future placements. It has really helped me to understand the social and the psychological aspects of people from different religious backgrounds. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion newham.gov.uk/YourCouncil/CensusInformation/NewhamintheCensus-aSynopsis.htm askoxford.com/concise_oed/community?view=uk Groenman, N. H. (1992) Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nurses. Edinburgh: Campion Press http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community Cooke, H. and Philpin, S. (2008) Sociology in Nursing and Healthcare. Edinburgh : Baillià ¨re Tindall / Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Henley, A. and Schott, J. (1999) Culture, Religion and Patient Care in a Multi-Ethnic Society. London: Age Concern Books Walker, J., Payne, S., Smith, P. and Jarrett, N. (2007) Psychology for Nurses and the Caring Professions. 3rd ed. Maidenhead : Open University Press muslimhealthnetwork.org/islamandhealth.shtml Rana, D. and Upton, D. (1999) Psychology for Nurses. London: Pearson goodnewsblog.com/2007/04/23/can-prayer-influence-health newsmedical.net/news/2007/04/10/23336.aspx http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6978116.stm statistics.gov.uk statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00BB-A.asp#ethnic bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/

Edward Waters College Admissions - ACT Scores, Costs...

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Db3 program capstone - Research Paper Example For instance, labor migration, mobility and diversity are directly related to globalization. Many researchers, including Mujtaba (2007), focus on management challenges related to diversity management at work. Since all organizations are expected to create friendly, inclusive and non-discriminatory environment where all employees have equal opportunities, it is a real challenge. According to Drucker (2007), global changes have the greatest influence on internal climate in different organizations. Local markets merge and competition moves to global arena; it is the reason why organizations need to be more flexible than ever in order to survive this harsh competition. The outcomes of globalization need to be addressed complexly. Each consequence requires a special solution depending on corporate culture and people who work in the organization. Generally, diversity management practice and innovative approach to leadership and performance evaluations help organizations to work effectively in rapidly changing environment. In summary, globalization is an umbrella term for numerous changes and challenges in causes in world management practices and solutions. New work conditions, global competition, changes in work force and requirements make organizations change regularly in order to

Contingency Tables Essay Example for Free

Contingency Tables Essay The two nominal level variables are respondent’s sex and marital status. The independent variable is respondent’s sex and dependent variable is respondent’s marital status. The null and alternate hypotheses are Null hypothesis, H0: Marital status is independent of sex. Alternate Hypothesis, H1: Marital status is dependent on sex. The variable sex measures respondent’s gender. The valid categories of measurement for the variable sex are ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ and they are coded as 1 and 2, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. The variable marital status measures respondent marital status. The valid categories of measurement for the variable marital status are ‘Married’, ‘Widowed’, ‘Divorced’, ‘Separated’ and ‘Never married’ and they are coded as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. Majority (57. 3%) of the respondent’s were male. Majority (53. 0%) of the respondent’s were married. The percentage of respondents widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 11. 0%, 14. 2%, 2. 7% and 19. 1%, respectively. Table 1 shows the cross-tabulation of respondent’s marital status by sex. The distribution of male respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 59. 8%, 4. 8%, 11. 7, 1. 4% and 22. 2%, respectively. The distribution of female respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 48. 0%, 15. 6%, 16. 1, 3. 6% and 16. 8%, respectively. The table provides an evidence of correlation (association) between respondent’s sex and marital status in the sample. There appears a weak association between respondent’s sex and marital status. In general, the information summarized in the table 1 seems to provide evidence supporting research (alternate) hypothesis, as the distribution of male and females respondent’s for marital stratus are not similar. The value of nominal directional measure of association lambda is 0. This indicates no relationship between respondent’s sex and marital status that is knowing the respondent’s sex does not increase the ability to predict his or her marital status. This statistics (lambda) does not improve upon the use of column percentages to evaluate the given correlation.

Creon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay example --

Creon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Antigone Tragedy always involves human suffering, but not everyone who suffers is a Tragic Hero. According to Aristotle, there are five basic criteria that must be met for a character to be considered a Tragic Hero. Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy were recorded in his book of literacy theory titled Poetics. In it he has a great deal to say about the structure, purpose and intended effect of tragedy. His ideas have been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussed for several centuries. In this essay, I will examine these criteria in regards to Antigone’s Creon, King of Thebes. The first criterion states that to be a tragic hero, Creon must occupy a "high" status position, but must also embody nobility and virtue as part of his innate character. Creon fits this description quite accurately. We know at the beginning of the play that Creon is King of Thebes. Therefore, he occupies a stature of nobility. Furthermore, Creon’s innate character embodies virtue and nobility. For example, when talking to the Chorus at the beginning of the play, Creon says, "†¦anyone thinking/another man more a friend than his own country/I rate him nowhere†¦I would not be silent if I saw ruin, not safety†¦I would not count any enemy of my country as a friend" (Lines 202-210). His standards are set to the point where he would put his country above all else. He would do anything to protect his country; he would "not be silent if [he] saw ruin, not safety" (line 204). Also, Creon shows a high sense of morality when he properly buried Eteocles, Antigone’s brother. Antigone herself says this when speaking to her sister, Ismene, "Creon honored the one†¦Eteocles, they say he has used justly with lawful rites and hid him ... ...earn from. Finally, his punishment delivered by fate exceeds his crimes. Thus, according to Aristotle, Creon is the prefect tragic hero. Works Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Segal, Charles Paul. â€Å"Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone. Translated by R. C. Jebb. The Internet Classic Archive. no pag. http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

Travel Broadens the Mind

Travel broadens the mind Traveling broadens our minds in different ways. I had visited a different country for the first time when I was 8. My father lives in Norway with his American wife. I had already tasted the other side of life. I am only 15 and I know life is in front of me, but from my experience I know that traveling does change your point of view. How do you know? You might find yourself by traveling. Traveling does broaden our mind. We meet new people with new ideas .We find different architecture and religions. Other differences are the languages . The unknown languages are being a wall between us and the world. A wall that we break little by little every day being here in English class. Like we already said that travel broadens our mind. When we see how the other people survive we start thinking about our lives . We associate everything with our way of living . We started judging them for some things and being jealous for others.Every time when I travel I find something new, something different. But one thing will always be the same: when you travel you realize what are the most important things in your life. You start appreciating the little things in the big world. You discover that being rich is not to have money, cars or houses but to have friends and family to appreciate you. Whenever I get back from Norway, I am thinking differently. I see the bad and the good side of my country.I begin associating everything around me with the way they live in Norway. Travel broadens the mind, it shows us what are we missing and the important things in life. It does not really matter were you live or what launguage you are speaking, we are all people. We all have brains and bodys. We all have good and bad moments in our lives. Until you see something and get to know it better you can not judge it. Traveling broadens my mind. What about you? †¦

Lord Byron

In `Excerpt from Don Juan`, answer the following: Select 3 stanzas from Canto I that you can explain. Do not give plot summary, so carefully choose a stanza that lends itself to analysis or some research. Write about three to four sentences. In Subject Line, identify your stanza, e.g., 44 (Canto I, Stanza 44). Stanza 5 Brave men were living before Agamemnon And since, exceeding various and Sage, A good deal like him too, though quite the same none;  Ã‚   35 But then they shone not on the Poet’s page, And so have been forgotten: – I condemn none, But can’t find any in present age Fit for my poem (that is, for my New One) So, as I said, I’ll take my friend Don Juan. –  Ã‚  Ã‚   40 In analyzing Stanza 5, it’s interesting to read as we wonder who else Byron may have considered in this poem he sat down to write. Was he considering other brave men, poets, heroes before finalizing it with Don Juan? Who were the others â€Å"a great deal like him† (Canto 1, Stanza 5, Line 35). This stanza can be more interesting to readers who examine the history of what was viewed as the scandalous controversial nature of his writing of â€Å"Don Juan† and what concessions did Byron have to end up making before it was published. Stanza 5 sums up what he was saying about heroes in the previous stanzas. Stanza 6 Most epic poets plunge â€Å"in medias res† (Horace makes this the heroic turnpike road), And then your hero tells, whene’er you please, What went before—by the way of episode, While seated after dinner at his ease,  Ã‚   45 Beside his mistress in some soft abode, Palace, or garden, paradise, or cavern, Which serves the happy couple for a tavern. The analysis of Stanza 6 lets the reader in that Byron is intentionally not following Horace’s recommendation of when to start an epic. Byron is (intentionally?) not following the rules of what at the time was being seen by other writers as the better way of starting an epic, which was in the middle. This stanza proves to us the writer is choosing not to write using the examples of Homer or Virgil but writing this epic his own way (Canto 1, Stanza 6, Lines 41-44). Stanza 7 That is the usual method, but not mine— My way is to begin with the beginning;  Ã‚   50 The regularity of my design Forbids all wandering as the worst of sinning, And therefore I shall open with a line (Although it cost me half an hour in spinning) Narrating somewhat of Don Juan’s father,  Ã‚   55 And also of his mother, if you’d rather. Although the reader isn’t aware of it until later, Byron reveals to us that he knew in advance he would digress in the poem (Canto 1, Stanza 7, Line 54). The reader now learns that was the writer Byron’s intention from the start. The reader can wonder if Byron is even conscious of how he changes some of the â€Å"traditional† epic writing in writing this work. In `Excerpt from Childe Harold`s Pilgrimage`, answer the following: 1. Does the Byronic hero know any form of Keatsian love? Yes, in that Keatsian love is often associated with â€Å"beauty-as-truth.† In Canto 2, Stanza 9 we read as Byron writes of having loved and it was still in his thoughts although he is now alone with those thoughts. We also read of this â€Å"beauty-as-truth† love in Canto III Stanza I when he relates of the love for his daughter. 2. Beginning with stanza 17, the narrator talks about Waterloo. Why? Waterloo is current to at this time to Byron. Just a few months before this, the fate of Europe had been decided because of that Battle. So it is important that the reader is aware that it is sacred ground to him. The battle was fought on June 18th, 1815 which makes this a very relevant event during his lifetime of 1788-1824. 3. In what ways is this poem about mid-life crises? Childe in this epic refers to a â€Å"knight† and we read as this knight is gloomily wandering as a vicious world-worn man. In his thoughts throughout the â€Å"pilgramage† it relates closely to a man who is going through similar thoughts a man in mid-life crises might go through as though he has already fully lived. 4. How does the Byronic hero relate to nature? Byron relates better to nature than he does to humans. In Canto 4, Stanza 178, Byron states this: There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, There is a rapture on the lonely shore. There is society where none intrudes, By the deep Sea, and music in its roar: I love not Man the less, but Nature more, From these our interviews, in which I steal From all I may be, or have been before, To mingle with the Universe, and feel What I can ne'er express, yet cannot all conceal However, in reading this piece, I feel its obvious throughout to the reader that the writer can connect more easily with nature than humans. Because most of Byron’s work is autographical in nature, this is easy to understand if the reader about Byron’personal life. References â€Å"Characteristics of the Byronic Hero.† University of Michigan. Online. Internet. 17 May 2003. (2002, February 11). Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from The Project Gutenberg Web site: http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/chp110h.htm (2007). George Gordon, Lord Byron. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Bob's Byway Web site: http://www.poeticbyway.com/xbyron.html ; ;

Selected Quotes From Entertainer Madonna

Selected Quotes From Entertainer Madonna Much-acclaimed and controversial Madonna has lived a public life deliberately outrageous, and her words reinforce and further define her public image. Madonna has also spoken out on how she relates family and a private life to her carefully-crafted public image. Selected Madonna Quotations I am rich and famous. I have a talented and gorgeous husband and two beautiful children. I could go on. To be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return. To just give. That takes courage; because we dont want to fall on our faces or leave ourselves open to hurt Never forget to dream. A lot of people are afraid to say what they want. Thats why they dont get what they want. Im tough, Im ambitious, and I know exactly what I want. If that makes me a bitch, okay. Sometimes you have to be a bitch to get things done. I became an overachiever to get approval from the world. I wont be happy till Im as famous as God. I always thought I should be treated like a star. The fact of the matter is that you can use your beauty and use your charm and be flirtatious, and you can get people interested in your beauty. But you cannot maintain that. In the end, talent is the only thing. My work is the only thing thats going to change any minds. I love horses. I think I may have been one of Henry VIII’s knights in another life, riding through a great forest. Listen, everyone is entitled to my opinion. I dont care anymore if people dress like me, now I want them to think like me. If I was a girl again, I would like to be like my fans, I would like to be like Madonna. Better to live one year as a tiger, then a hundred as sheep. I never wish I had a different life. I am lucky to be in the position of power that I am in and to be intelligent. Being blonde is definitely a different state of mind. I cant really put my finger on it, but the artifice of being blonde has some incredible sort of sexual connotation. Men really respond to it. I love blonde hair but it really does something different to you. I feel more grounded when I have dark hair, and I feel more ethereal when I have light hair. Its unexplainable. I also feel more Italian when my hair is dark. There are moments when I cant believe Im as old as I am. But I feel better physically than I did 10 years ago. I dont think, Oh God, Im missing something. I have the most perfect belly button. When I stick my fingers in it, I feel a nerve in the center of my body shoot up my spine. Ive always wanted to be taller. I feel like a shrimp, but thats the way it goes. Im five-foot four-and-a-half-inches. Thats actually average. Everything about me is average. Everythings normal, in the books. Its the things inside me that make me not average. Its not my nature to just kick back. I think passive beauties have their place in the world. Its hard for me to relate to that. People think they will wake up one day and Ill be gone. But Im never going away. I have the same goal Ive had ever since I was a girl. I want to rule the world. I sometimes think I was born to live up to my name. How could I be anything else but what I am having been named Madonna? I would either have ended up a nun or this. To me, the whole process of being a brush stroke in someone elses painting is a little difficult. Poor is the man whose pleasures depend on the permission of another. I stand for freedom of expression, doing what you believe in, and going after your dreams. When Im hungry, I eat. When Im thirsty, I drink. When I feel like saying something, I say it. That we are responsible for our own fate, we reap what we sow, we get what we give, we pull in what we put out. I know these things for sure. Id like to think I am taking people on a journey; I am not just entertaining people, but giving them something to think about when they leave. I am my own experiment. I am my own work of art. I try to have thick skin, but every once in a while I read something that someone says about me, and its so slanderous and moralistic and it has nothing to do with my music. I want to be like Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, and John Lennon... but I want to stay alive. Id love to be a memorable figure in the history of entertainment in some sexual, comic, tragic way. Id like to leave the impression that Marilyn Monroe did, to be able to arouse so many different feelings in people. I think the ultimate challenge is to have some kind of style and grace, even though you havent got money, or standing in society, or formal education. I had a very middle, lower-middle class sort of upbringing, but I identify with people whove had, at some point in their lives to struggle to survive. It adds another color to your character. I think you can be defiant and rebellious and still be strong and positive. Be strong, believe in freedom and in God, love yourself, understand your sexuality, have a sense of humor, masturbate, dont judge people by their religion, color or sexual habits, love life, and your family. I laugh at myself. I dont take myself completely seriously. I think thats another quality that people have to hold on to... you have to laugh, especially at yourself. I do it in most of the things I do, and most of the videos that I make and most of my performances. Even in my concerts there are so many moments when I just stood still and laughed at myself. In everyday life I am quiet and reserved, not the housekeeper type but cool and relaxed. I dont get up in the morning wearing false eyelashes and I dont wear fancy underwear when Im cooking popcorn. Im a nice little ducky. Quotes About Lifestyle Everyone probably thinks that Im a raving nymphomaniac, that I have an insatiable sexual appetite, when the truth is Id rather read a book. I dont trust any man who hasnt kissed another man. I liked my body growing up and I wasnt ashamed of it. I liked boys and didnt feel inhibited by them. Maybe it comes from having brothers and sharing a bathroom. The boys got the wrong impression of me at high school. They mistook forwardness for promiscuity. When they dont get what they want, they turn on you. I went through this period when all the girls thought I was loose and the boys said I was a nymphomaniac. The first boy I ever slept with was my boyfriend and wed been going out a long time. About singer Prince: He reeks of lavender. It turned me on, actually. Because Ive taken my clothes off in public doesnt mean that Ive revealed every inch of my soul. Sometimes I look back at myself and remember things I used to say, or my hairstyle, and I cringe I hate polite conversation. I hate it when people stand around and go, Hi, how are you? I hate words that dont have any reason or meaning. Also I hate it when people smoke in elevators and closed in places. Its just so rude. You have to be patient. Im not. I miss New York. I still love how people talk to you on the street - just assault you and tell you what they think of your jacket. I know the aspect of my personality, being the vixen, the heartbreaker and the incredibly provocative girl is a very marketable image - but its not insincere. You just cant take it seriously. The worst thing about being famous? I think its what everybody says... the lack of privacy and the idea that youre not really allowed to make mistakes and everything that you do is viewed under a microscope. I think my biggest flaw is my insecurity. Im terribly insecure. Im plagued with insecurities 24/7. I have had many challenges in my life, including some very big ones when I was young and Ive learned a lot of valuable lessons along the way. I have seen life from just about every angle you can see it from. I was sacked from Dunkin Donuts for squirting the donuts jelly all over the customers. I wouldnt have turned out the way I was if I didnt have all those old-fashioned values to rebel against. Quotes About Gender and Race Not only does society suffer from racism and sexism but it also suffers from ageism. Once you reach a certain age youre not allowed to be adventurous, youre not allowed to be sexual. I mean, is there a rule? Are you supposed to just die? Im not a feminist, Im a humanist. Straight men need to be emasculated. Im sorry. They all need to be slapped around. Women have been kept down for too long. Every straight guy should have a mans tongue in his mouth at least once. Quotes About Family My father was very strong. I dont agree with a lot of the ways he brought me up. I dont agree with a lot of his values, but he did have a lot of integrity, and if he told us not to do something, he didnt do it either. Im anal retentive. Im a workaholic. I have insomnia. And Im a control freak. Thats why Im not married. Who could stand me? Im a very old-fashioned girl. Marriage is a great thing when its right. And I did celebrate it and embrace it, and I wanted the whole world to know that this was the man I loved more than anything. But theres a price to pay for that, which is something I realize now. Ever since I was in high school, when I was madly in love with someone, I was so proud of that person. I wanted the world to know that I loved him. But once you reveal it to the world, and youre in the public eye, you give it up, and its not your own anymore. I began to realize how important it is to hold on to privacy and keeping things to yourself as much as possible. Its like a runaway train afterwards. I could probably bring up a child as normal as I can live my life. I surround myself with people who dont treat me like a celebrity or a freak or whatever, and I would do the same with my child. Im not interested in being Wonder Woman in the delivery room. Give me drugs. My having a child is not for public consumption. Its not a career move. Its not a performance to be judged or rated. Nor is my role as a mother. Family is everything. Family comes first. Its not what I expected it to be, but nothing ever is. The last thing I want is to raise a brat. We could definitely go down the wrong road. I dont want Lola to have everything she wants. I want her to appreciate things, and not to be presumptuous. I want her to have manners and social graces. Ever since my daughter was born I feel the fleetingness of time. And I dont want to waste it on getting the perfect lip color. Lourdes really is the love of my life. I dont want to traipse around with nannies and tutors. I think its important for children to stay in one place, to socialize with other children. Obviously, my tastes and my priorities have changed, Just because Im a mother doesnt mean Im not still a rebel and that I dont want to go in the face of convention and challenge the system. I never wanted to think in a robotic way, and I dont want my children to think that way, either. I think parents should be constantly questioning society. Quotes About Faith With the crucifixes I was exorcising the extremes that my upbringing dwelt on. Putting them up on the wall and throwing darts at them. And the Boy Toy thing was a joke, a tag name given to me when I first arrived in New York because I flirted with the boys. All the graffiti artists wore their nicknames on their belt buckles. Catholicism is not a soothing religion. Its a painful religion. Were all gluttons for punishment. It is difficult to believe in a religion that places such a high premium on chastity and virginity. When I get down on my knees, it is not to pray. I would like to see the Pope wearing my T-shirt. I loved nuns when I was growing up. I thought they were beautiful. For several years I wanted to be a nun. I saw them as really pure, disciplined, above average people. They had these serene faces. Nuns are sexy. I think that life is a paradox and you have to embrace that in your work and your belief systems ... you cant be a literalist, and thats the trouble that people always find themselves in. Thats why people always hit a wall with any of my stuff, because you cant take it literally. Quotes About Madonna Britney Spears I would really, really, really like to be a legend like Madonna. Madonna knows what to do next, and when shes performing, the audience is just in awe of her. I performed at Mom and Dads party when I was four. Oh my gosh, I was singing a Madonna song and I peed myself. Cher No one knows how to work this business like she does. Susan Sarandon The history of women in popular music can, pretty much, be divided into before and after Madonna. Rosie ODonnell She is no symbol. She is human. More brilliant than most. The real deal. Miley Cyrus Madonna always reinvents herself, and thats what I want to do. Whatever comes my way that sounds good, thats what I want to do. Whether its designing clothes or photography or whatever. Gwyneth Paltrow Shes like an older sister. Everything I have gone through, she went through ten times worse and ten times longer. She gives me good advice about how to say no and take care of myself. Tori Amos Madonna’s sound was made for the dance floor when she epitomized the New York club kid; it got a bit closer to rock when she started presenting herself that way, connected with RB when her image became softer again, went New Age techno when she got into spirituality, and so on. Fashion has become a part of the musical exploration and experience. Sean Penn She was in the process of becoming the biggest star in the world. I just wanted to make my films and hide. I was an angry young man. I had a lot of demons and dont really know who couldve lived with me at the time. I was just as badly behaved as her, so I cant point the finger of blame. Sarah Jessica Parker Madonnas probably the most disciplined person around and so I can only pale in comparison. Its just too impressive. Michael Moore If we had a royal system shed be the queen of Michigan and all the Michiganders would bow down to her, and Im not kidding. Shes a person with a good heart; she does a lot of good for other people. I really admire her. Beyonce It all works for Madonna. I mean, I couldn’t do a lot of the things she does, but it works for her.

Metaphysics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Metaphysics - Assignment Example These things are real and anyone can vividly attest to that fact. There are however a lot of miseries that still remains uncovered, or things that can not be measured to ascertain their reality. One cannot come up with a conclusive answer as to their reality existence. This is why theories have been developed to answer these rhetorical questions. Reality Theories There are different theories that tend to describe and give meaning to the word reality. To exhaustively discuss reality, we must have an in-depth understanding of these theories and how relevant they are to our lives. These reality theories are; Reality 1; this is the summation of all things that are real. In this theory, reality is what is experienced as they are not as they are imagined or illusion. Reality 1 holds that, everything that exists in singular totality like the universe is real. Talking about the universe, one would obviously know that it is the summation of the planets, stars, space and everything else that c onstitutes this. This meaning does not cover reality exhaustively and thus the need for another reality theory which is reality 2. Reality 2 is what someone experiences out of reality 1. Every person has what he thinks or he experiences as a result of the totality of what is real. Since not even twins can have the same experience, thus reality according to this theory, is what everyone knows or believes in. it means that there are multiple realities since every person will experience something different from his friend. It is thus possible that reality in this case is divided and different among different classes of people like the poor and the rich, men and women, children and adults. Every group has its own reality. Multiple Realities is thus what a person thinks; it is thus brought about by one’s consciousness. The sole thought of individuals. This is what has generated the world’s illusion on history, sport, art, wars, pleasure and the like. Reality is brought abou t by the conscious mind of an individual and what he or she strongly believes in. Monism theory; this is a reality theory which talks against pluralistic or dualistic view of reality. Monism holds that, there has to be unity in any field of analysis, for example, the existence of God. Monism holds that there is one supreme God  but he manifests himself in many ways according to different religions.   Reality according to this theory holds that for anything to be real, it must consist of an amalgamated whole thus everything that exists can be attributed or illustrated using a single model. From Monism theory it can also be concluded that there is one earth but according to different people, many have diverse understanding of what it is or what it looks like. Likewise, the matter and the mind are formed or emerge from same principle or substance. Monism is further categorized into; idealism, mentalistic monism and phenomenalism. Dualism; it holds that reality is constituted by an unchanging whole. Change for this case is considered as just a mere illusion. Dualism does not give room for any change, reality is thus unchanging and it remains to be unified as one. Reality is thus specific, there can not exists two realities at a go, something is either real or not real. Idealism; this is an epistemological theory which holds that reality is attested when the datum or an object of realization are identical. Reality is thus what is