Leadership As A Genre For Arguments Essay - 1440 Words

Over the course in history philosopher’s has scientifically continues to refine their dialogue in leadership as a genre for arguments, ideals in religious teaching, terms, and rules. Based on theories of their own, visions, skeptics, beliefs and values. As enlightens of reaching the mindset and comfort for satisfaction of their own and for their followers. By revising general rhetoric, it strategies to conform unity in communication as an interconnection for various theories of the world. It offers several insights from an ancient perspective of the present era implementing from persuasion how to effectively use communication. Philosophers layered thought process were influential by illustrating ideas, avoiding plagiarism, writing, speeches, text, and styles. Globally communication has been organized to deliver other ways for moral or a natural approach in theory to persuade supporters. When observing leaders and philosopher’s theory, cognitive, and measures of conventi onal beliefs the balance between scientific, moral grounds of reality, and logic connects with divine providence of truth, ancient rhetoric style, modern theorist, and the dynamic unity respecting others beliefs and values as way of communicating in today’s society. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3rd 106 BC in Arpinum and assassinated on the 7th of December 43 BC (Cicero, 2016). Cicero was murdered during the consulship of the 2nd Catilinarian conspiracy by an enemy named Mark Anthony. CiceroShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Features of Lyndon B. Johnson’s Presidencial Acceptance Speech742 Words   |  3 Pagestragic day President Kennedy was assassinated in a senseless act of violence. Within the next few hours, Vice President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president. In the midst of a grieving country, he was given the duty of handling a transition in leadership and presenting an acceptance speech before Congress. LBJ gave his acceptance speech of the U.S. presidency in front of Congress just five short days after John F. Kennedy had been assassinated. Expectations were high but then again no one knew whatRead MoreThe Neoliberal Arts : How Colleges Have Sold Their Soul939 Words   |  4 Pagestheir students to be leaders for their own benefit not the benefit of others. The neoliberal society, Deresiewicz believes, has begun to give students â€Å"a sense of helplessness†(5) so they have no choice in what field to pursue. He believes that leadership contradicts the ideologies that this country was built on which was popular sovereignty. As a solution to the growing problem, Deresiewicz says that education should be Ward Page 2 treated â€Å"as a right.†(6) He says that young people are beginningRead MoreMachiavelli And Shakespeare Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli and Shakespeare reveal similar underlying views on authority and leadership however they provide different perspectives due to their form, context and purpose. Niccolo Machiavelli’s laudatory treatise The Prince (1515) was written in a turbulent Renaissance Italy after the return of the De’ Medici’s as an attempt to regain political power. Machiavelli reveals his perspective on authority and leadership by advocating the appearance of virtue and necessary cruelty as a means of maintainingRead MoreThe Franklin Road Church Youth Groups Are More Than Just a Religion1681 Words   |  7 Pageshis years as a professor he wrote a book called Genre Analysis, within a chapter of this book Swales discuses what a discourse community is and how it is different from a speech community. Swales states that â€Å"speech com munities are centripetal (they tend to absorb people into that general fabric), whereas discourse communities are centrifugal (they tend to separate people into occupational or specialty – interest groups)† (471). To make his argument stronger he develops six criteria that a group shouldRead MoreInfluence Of A Great Philosopher And The Metaphysic Of Divine Providence1162 Words   |  5 Pagesthe republic government after the late Julius Caesar death Cicero became an enemy to Mark Anthony. After a power struggle Cicero was executed being an enemy to the state by the second Triumvirate in 43 BC. As an ancient leader Cicero successful leadership and background trait promoted great abilities. Cicero was a Roman philosopher, orator, politician theorist, consul, lawyer, and a Constitutionalist. In addition, the interconnection amongst the great historical philosopher’s alike Cicero concludesRead MoreSample Learning Outcomes: Understanding the Functions of Essays1509 W ords   |  7 Pageswriters use in different writing contexts†(Outcome 1), To read, analyze, and synthesize complex texts and incorporate multiple kinds of evidence purposefully in order to generate support writing†(Outcome 2), â€Å" To produce complex, analytic, persuasive arguments that matter in academic contexts†(Outcome 3) and lastly, â€Å"To develop flexible strategies for revising, editing, and proofreading writing.†(Outcome 4)All of these different writing outcomes are demonstrated within four of my essay’s that have beenRead MoreThe Effects Of Censorship On The World Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pageswould have allowed for a more intimate relationship between the performers and the spectators. The cabaret formed out of a mixture of influences, including theatre, variety show and political tribunal. Cabarets like the variety shows involved a number genres, you could expected to see anything from songs, comic monologues to pantomimes and pupp et shows (Jelavich 22). Most cabarets dealt with topical issues that were relevant in Berlin at the time, sex was the most common topic that was presented in aRead MoreAnalysis Of William Golding s Lord Of The Flies1006 Words   |  5 Pages1 Jordan Hofert Ms. Frangipane Study of Genre English 9 Block F 25 February 2016 The Power of Power A recurring theme among leaders in many societies today is that â€Å"absolute power corrupts absolutely† (John Acton, a 1700’s English Catholic historian, politician, and writer). In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, this idea of leadership, power, and corruption is put in the spotlight. Jack, one of the boys on the island, forces his way into the leadership position without actually earning it. ItRead MoreThe Book Of Romans Is Identified As An Epistle1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe genre of the book of Romans is identified as an epistle. It is essential to recognize the related interpretive principles when interpreting this kind of genre. Read the epistle in its entirety in one sitting to understand the intent of the letter. It is particularly profitable to also consider paragraphs as being the main units of thought. Follow the logical development of the argument as the letter progresses. Historical context is of vital importance when studying an epistle. No serious scholarRead MoreCritical Response Essay Final - I Have a Dream981 Words   |  4 Pagesconform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a persuasive speech, and for what purpose? ------------------------------------------------- I have chosen the question â€Å"How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose?† I have decided to analyse Martin Luther King’s classic Civil Rights Movement speech â€Å"I have a Dream† and how the structure of the speech creates a persuasive aspect for the audience. This task refers back to Part 1 of the English

The Rise of Drug Abuse in Hong Kong - 1065 Words

Goretti Wong 6B (27) Say NO to drugs Drug abuse is on the rise among young people in Hong Kong which is a serious and alarming phenomenon that every one of us should face squarely to. Before we figure out ways to help them, we must first understand the reasons for teenagers to take drugs. Peer influence is the dominant reason for teenagers to take drugs. Usually, friends among a group share same interests and their behaviors are expected to be consistent with one another. At the same time, teenagers try to gain respect and recognition from their friends by involving in common activities. If their groups of friends take drugs, they would be repelled and teased if they rejected to do the same. In order not to be excluded from the†¦show more content†¦In a long run, drugs spoil our organs like kidneys and gall bladder. Kidney is responsible for detoxification, taking too much drug will increase the work load of it, and eventually leads to malfunctioning. When gall bladder is damaged by drugs, we will have to urinate more frequently than normal which, on the other hand, seriously affect our normal life routine. Taking drugs may cause serious allergic reactions. Some people are allergic to a certain kind of drugs. This may be unknown to them. But once they take them, it will be too late for them to avoid it afterwards because the effects are instant. In trivial case, it causes headache or swelling of face. In severe case, it causes suffocation which may lead to death. Actually, drug education is essential, especially when we see that there is a rising trend here in Hong Kong. However, as our targets are teenagers, anti-drug messages will be more acceptable if we are not using the traditional way of educating – teaching theories in books. Celebrities are the best way to arouse teenagers’ attention. The government can invite famous singers or stars to attend different functions like mini-concerts or sharing to spread anti-drug messages. Since the celebrities are well-known and are welcomed by many teenagers, attentions can be easily caught and teenagers will start to become more aware of the seriousness of drug abuse. It is also good for schools to invite someone who hadShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Hong Kong And The Opium Trade884 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of Hong Kong and the opium trade are â€Å"intertwined†, as Christopher Munn states (107). From its beginning in the nineteenth century, the opium trade in Hong Kong, as counterparts throughout the colonies of Southeast Asia, was managed by a monopoly or farm system. The opium monopoly not only contributed a large portion of revenue to the colonial government, but also helped foster a Chinese business elite class with wealth and political influence in the Chinese community and the colony,Read MoreProblems Faced by Teenagers in Hong Kong1179 Words   |  5 Pagesworries: 1) Examination -teenagers are mainly secondary students and their ages are mainly 13-17. -their burdens are not only their homework and extra-curricular activities, but also their curriculum. -according to a survey conducted by Hong Kong University , about 80% students think that they need to face a lot of challenges about their examinations . -the survey also reveals that Chinese, English and mathematics are their main problems. They think that these are very difficult to manageRead MoreDrug Abuse in Hk8526 Words   |  35 PagesThe Causes of Drug Abuse in Hong Kong Prepared by: Table of Contents Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------P .4 Causes of abusing substances by young people P.5-6 Causes of Abuse and Difficulties of Giving Up P.7-8 Motivations hindered behind for risking lives-P.9-10 Hong Kong Youth Caught in Wave of Ketamine Addiction P.11-12 Insights into the motivations of the drug user in Hong KongP.13-14 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------PRead MoreIntroduction Based on extensive literature reviews on teenage substance abuse and interventions,1700 Words   |  7 Pagesextensive literature reviews on teenage substance abuse and interventions, this report examines the flaws and weaknesses of traditional interventions in curbing the menace and proposes a design in community intervention to make it efficient and effective. Recent studies show that the overall trend of lifeline drug-taking secondary school going students rose from 3.3 % in 2005 to 4.3% by the end of 2009. The age at which students begin to use drugs has continuously decreased over the years. Many studiesRead MoreThe Main Purpose Of This Research Paper Is To Provide Information928 Words   |  4 Pagesmain purpose of this research paper is to provide information on how drugs affect the brain and body of a person. Reports of drug related crimes are common in the media mainly on news reports. The main concern tends to be towards Methamphetamine, which gets the most media attentio n. One of the most abused drugs in the Philippines is a local type of methamphetamine mixed with caffeine known as Shabu. This is a powerfully addictive drug that can cause people to have intense hallucinations and become extremelyRead MoreThe Problem Of The Internet1263 Words   |  6 Pagesdeserving of continued study (CRC health) so when it comes down to it, there is a real issue that everyone needs to consider assuring they don’t have. The amount of people who are affected by internet addiction is so high that the University of Hong Kong researchers estimate 6 percent of the world is addict (Ben Richman) . That s an insanely high number if you really break down how many people are in the world. That’s around 480,000,000 people. Now while the internet is one of the greatest inventionsRead MoreThe Internet Of Our Lives1396 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinitely be affected by the internet.Not so long ago China s Service of Society requested expelling 100 melodies from sites t he nation over in an exertion to safeguard China s national social security. The rundown comprises generally of tracks by Hong Kong and Taiwanese craftsmen, additionally incorporates hits from American pop images, for example, Woman Gaga, Beyonce and the Backstreet Young men (Dibble). This illustration exhibits an alternate endeavor by the Chinese government to control the quicklyRead MoreUrbanization Of Rural Areas And Urban Areas Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesharmed by air pollution, the cities have to take extra precaution on how things are run. In countries like China and India, the people are not as lucky because they suffer from just breathing the air. According to the World Health Organization, Hong Kong, China, reported 3.7 million premature deaths due to air pollution (Nyhan). Water pollution is all of the water from lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater contaminated. Many reasons behind water pollution are population growth, urban runoff, erosionRead MoreHsbc Swot Analysis4574 Words   |  19 PagesSWOT Analysis – HSBC Strengths-- *Significant presence in each of the worlds financial markets. Principal Subsidiaries: Asia-Pacific: †¢ HSBC Bank Australia Limited †¢ HSBC Bank China Company Limited †¢ The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited †¢ Hang Seng Bank Ltd †¢ HSBC Bank Malaysia Berhad †¢ HSBC Bank Philippines Ltd Europe: †¢ HSBC Bank Armenia †¢ HSBC France †¢ HSBC Trinkaus und Burkhardt AG †¢ HSBC Turkey †¢ HSBC Bank International †¢ HSBC Bank Malta plc †¢ HSBC PrivateRead MoreDoing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region31325 Words   |  126 PagesAUSTRALIA (SYDNEY) Holman Webb Level 30 Bourke Place 600 Bourke Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia +(61-3) 9603-3555 PHONE +(61-3) 9670-9632 FAX www.hallandwilcox.com.au Contact Attorney: Mark Dunphy mark.dunphy@hallandwilcox.com.au CHINA (HONG KONG) Level 17 Angel Place 123 Pitt Street, GPO Box 119 Sydney, New South Wales DX 233 Australia +(61-2) 9390-8000 PHONE +(61-2) 9390-8390 FAX www.holmanwebb.com.au Contact Attorney: D’Arcy Kelly dak@holmanwebb.com.au CHINA (SHANGHAI) Lily Fenn

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About American History Argumentative Essay Topics

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About American History Argumentative Essay Topics The Lost Secret of American History Argumentative Essay Topics The function of the USA has been integral in the evolution of the digitally advanced connected world. America is among the oldest nation in the world. The usa has had the biggest role to play in the institution of Capitalism as the dominant financial narrative of earth. History teaches about the past of a specific folks, community, society, and so on. New Ideas Into American History Argumentative Essay Topics Never Before Revealed Anyway, you're permitted to communicate directly with the writer handling your paper so you can make any clarifications. Look into the terms alone and make sure that chronological order is adhered to. Relevant Topics that are related to your society will engage the reader in the most effective possible way. In the event you can't find your subject here, don't hesitate to have a talk with our staff and p ut an order for a customized history essay on your distinct subject. The Honest to Goodness Truth on American History Argumentative Essay Topics Otherwise, there are lots of style guides you may choose from. The list is really endless. Write a list of ideas you've got or a list of things you're interested in. On the opposite side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. Introduction Your introduction ought to be compelling. If you are searching for examples of argumentative essays, here's a sample that will help you out! What you aspire to teach your reader will find out the sort of your essay. In addition, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. There are a lot more topics that can be of interest to a 10th grader. Nevertheless, should you wish to be given a great grade, you're want to choose a flawless history essay topic! If you would like to write a fantastic history essay you'd better pick a topic that is familiar to you. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. The topics for argumentative essays are frequently very self-explanatory they're common understanding. As a result, if your argumentative history essay topics aren't handled satisfactorily, you're totally free to request corrections. Even in case you have good history essay topics and the correct ideas in mind, but you're not focused on writing, you may wind up having a low-quality paper. Remember your final grade significantly is dependent upon the topic. Your paper ought to be ordered in a logical fashion, and not jump around all around the place. As you might think that so as to create a great original argumentative paper, you've got to devote all night studying, it isn't accurate. Presenting of the opposition arguments would help to convince the readers that you've got a versatile compreh ension of the subject and that you're not below the effect of any bias. You have to discover good evidence to back up your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence. If you commence working on objective arguments at this time, you are going to be more able to present them later. Don't forget, if you're writing an argument about whether they really existed, you're want to present evidence to back up your argument but will also will need to deal with the counterargument. American History Argumentative Essay Topics: No Longer a Mystery Each of these varieties of paper is owned by the category of informative essay. There are lots of assortments of topics based on the subject you would decide to compose a paper. At length, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the significance of appropriate essay structure. Writing a research paper about such a considerable moment in the American history can be very advantageous there's already a grea t deal of research on the matter. Conclusion needs to be concise and logical. Topic You'll have to begin brainstorming early in the semester for a great topic. The topic ought to be quite controversial once you are writing an argumentative write up. Additionally, you can warn your audience about certain consequences that could occur if the problem under discussion isn't addressed properly. If you would like to choose nice and interesting American history essay topics, you should be conscious they ought to be specific and fairly narrow so that you're able to reflect on a particular problem or issue. If you can select the matter all on your own, it's possible to develop the issue of interest! Political issues are the very best example. People have equal chance for achievement. On a different note, American dream involves happiness which comes as a consequence of achievement as a person who would like to accomplish goals like becoming rich or being famous. The American drea m may also be achieved through other means aside from attaining education. Attaining American dream wants a career which is to be achieved amidst struggle. A Secret Weapon for American History Argumentative Essay Topics The primary goal of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. You must be quite sure in regards to the notion you want to expand on. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too significant. Perhaps you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's the reason you cannot locate the idea for your history essay. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. You always wished to be treated like an adult and your teacher is going to provide you with the opportunity. For instance, you can opt for a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. Do not increase your probability of being discontinued from your studies due to trusting p eople who cannot even assist with choosing history essay topics for high school students.

Camping Is A Outdoor Activity That Is Enjoyed By Many Each...

Camping is a outdoor activity that is enjoyed by many each year. Family, friends and strangers, come together to enjoy the great outdoors. Where the musical sounds of Mother Nature’s symphony orchestra sings you her lullaby as you fall asleep. The warmth from the fire warms your heart as you listen to stories of ghost, creatures, and goblins that the smoke seems to form into as it fades into the midnight sky. This is what I picture when I think about camping until I interview Ryan Oiler about it. Ryan Oiler grandparents introduce him to camping when he was just two years old. Ryan (now 20) has camped out at the Pocono’s, Valley Forge, and even the senator’s baseball field when he was in the Boy scouts. Ryan stated â€Å"he cannot imagine life without camping.† With a big smile as he first started the then it quickly want away as he finished the sentence, â€Å"life without camping†. Preparing for camping trips is not like packing for a weekend to y our grand mom’s house. When packing your tent make sure you spray it with waterproofing spay so it does not get wet from the morning dew or worst rain. As you pack your clothes keep in mind that the weather during the day and night can change drastically. The weather can be 90 degrees during the day and drop to the 70’s at night depending on the camp site. The food surprising just doesn’t consist of chocolate bars, marshmallows, and graham crackers. Some items can be pack are bacon, eggs, and bananas. Depending if you have a cooler and aShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Wildfires And Its Effects On The Environment2061 Words   |  9 PagesEvery year, thousands of forest or wildfires are caused by humans, which affect thousands and thousands of acres of land and wildlife all over the United States. Many of these fires that are caused by human error or negligence, occur at many of the beautiful camp sites, that are located around the country. In these cases, these fires not only affect the land and the wildlife, it puts the lives of other camper s, in jeopardy as well. Especially since with wild or forest fires, there is no way ofRead MoreWinter Camping Can Be A Disaster1860 Words   |  8 PagesWinter camping can either be a disaster, or a ton of fun! These Winter camping tips should help you make sure your next trip stays under the tons of fun category! Don t Go Alone - Any camping trip is more fun with friends and family, but winter camping trips can multiply this tenfold! Even if you re cold and miserable the entire time, you and your friends or family members can laugh about it later! Additionally, having extra minds around can come in handy when it comes to staying warm and havingRead MoreDavid Kolb s Framework Of Experiential Learning1534 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore in Spanish. ISLA mission is to provide cost-free heritage language classes, taught 100% in Spanish, include literacy, science, arts, and outdoor education, as well as cultural programs to nurture each student’s unique cultural heritage and multicultural experience. This past year ISLA took 103 Latino students and their families on a 2-day immersive camping trip to Morrow Mountain State Park, provided English classes for forty ISLA parents, and launched HUGS (Helping You Grow in Spanish) music andRead MoreAn Analysis Of James A. Reed1499 Words   |  6 Pag esthe weekends. Reed was born in 1861 on a little farm in Richland County, Ohio. He always enjoyed the outdoors as a child and grew up hunting to provide for his family. Later on in life he attended Coe College where he became a lawyer and moved to Kansas City, Missouri in 1887. Ten years later he served as a city councilor of Kansas City for a year; and then served as a prosecutor of Jackson County for two years after that. His popularity grew substantially and was soon elected mayor of Kansas CityRead MoreCamping Is A Holiday Inn2199 Words   |  9 PagesCamping just isn t my thing, I told my husband when we married. I love being outside and doing outdoor activities, but my idea of camping is a Holiday Inn. He was disappointed as he had spent many of his summers camping with his grandparents along the Mokelumne River. I stuck to my guns about going camping and we were married many years before I agreed to give it a try. One summer I agreed to take a week and go camping with him in Calaveras Big Trees State Park. I was assured the bathrooms wereRead MoreMy Familys Co-cultures Essay1772 Words   |  8 Pagesin a tough world. My father graduated from high school in 1939 and while driving with his parents to college that September, heard the news that Hitler was invading Poland. By the summer of 1940, Germany had conquered France, and in September that year The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 – the first peacetime conscription in United States history – was enacted requiring all men between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for the draft. My father registered for the draft and as an engineeringRead MoreThe Core Values Of Social Work1589 Words   |  7 Pagescommunities. Social work is a critical tool in acknowledging national controversial issues such as transparency in the government but can also address local concerns, like gang related activity within a community. It means seeing issues affecting daily lives and taking the initiative to enact a solution. Social work encompasses many facets such as community development, program development, public policy, intervention, and dir ect one-on-one communication. The core values of social work for me include the overallRead MoreThe Habits Of Common Camas1462 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rest of the year, leaving a dry stalk with lilaceous seed pods, open at the top. From germination, Common Camas usuallyrequiresthree years of establishment before producing a large enough bulb to support a bloom. (Polar and Mackinnon, 1994)Size: Egg shapedbulb of common camas are 1 to 5 centimeters (0.4 to 2 inches)in diameter.Leaves are usually less than 10 and are 1 to 6 decimeters(8 to 28 inches)tall and typically longer than the leaves.The inflorescence is a loosely, many flowered racemesRead MoreNazi Impact on Education and Youth2097 Words   |  9 Pagesbrutal, domineering, fearless, cruel youth. Youth must be all that. It must bear pain. There must be nothing weak and gentle about it. The free, splendid beast of prey must once again flash from its eyes... That is how I will eradicate thousands of years of human domestication... That is how I will create the New Order. -- Adolf Hitler, 1933.[1] Naziism had a huge impact on German youth during Hitler’s reign of power over the state. The life of a German child changed dramatically during the 1920’sRead MoreCase Study : Happy Valley 2016 Mini Biome Report2070 Words   |  9 Pagescoastal scrub and grasslands bring native wildflowers in the spring. Natural Bridges is named for the naturally occurring mudstone bridges that were carved by the Pacific Ocean into cliffs that bulged out into the sea. They were formed over a million years ago when silt, clay, and diatoms were solidified into a mixture of stone that originally formed three arches on the beach. However, of the three arches, only one remains to this day as the other two collapsed during two different storms. Natural

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods Free Essays

Discuss the main differences between qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection and analysis in management research. Your answer should make reference to the philosophical assumptions which underpin these methodological approaches. Introduction Whenever a decision is made to undertake a piece of research a method for conducting the study is required. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now In scientific research the techniques typically used for data collection and analysis are those which allow the evaluation of data to test a predetermined hypothesis (Zikmund, 2000). An example of this is a laboratory-based experiment where the researcher can be in full control of all the variables involved and can therefore be sure that any change in the phenomena under investigation is a direct result of an identified and controlled stimulus. In marketing research however, which is usually reliant on some aspect of human influence, it has been proposed that such a uniform, rigid approach is not appropriate: â€Å"There is never a single, perfect research design that is the best for all marketing research projects, or even a specific type of marketing research task. (Malhotra and Birks, 2000: p. 70) The aim of this assignment is to critically evaluate the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research, specifically focusing on the marketing perspective. To do this, consideration is firstly given to the basic differences between the qualitative and quantitative approaches, considering the seemingly opposing theoretical paradigms from which they have origina ted. Subsequently the development of the marketing discipline is examined with a specific focus on how and why different research methods have been employed in the field. Attention is Page 1 of 1 iven to the need for marketing to address both the issue of verifying existing hypotheses, and the requirement to develop new theory. As there appears to be no ideal research method for use in marketing it would seem that what is important is being critically aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches available. Finally, therefore, the notion of pluralism, or methodological triangulation, is explored as such an approach is often used to exploit the strengths and minimise weaknesses in research design through the combination of two or more research methods, often from opposing theoretical paradigms. Basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research Qualitative research can be defined as: â€Å"†¦the collection, analysis and interpretation of data that cannot be meaningfully quantified, that is, summarised in the form of numbers. † (Parasuraman et al, 2004: p. 195) Whereas quantitative research can be defined as: â€Å"†¦the collection of data that involves larger, more representative respondent samples and the numerical calculation of results. † (Parasuraman et al, 2004: p. 195) Historically it has been considered that science based disciplines such as mathematics and physics are especially suited to quantitative research methods. Such methods are considered to be objective and lead to numerical, absolute outcomes, which can be verified through repetition and further testing (Zikmund, 2000); in other words the knowledge is external to the knower (Milliken, 2001), and therefore is available be found by whoever conducts the necessary research (Cunningham, 1999). This view of natural science can be considered to fit within the positivist paradigm, where a paradigm can be thought of as theoretical framework for looking at a situation and a basis upon which phenomena can be analysed and interpreted Page 2 of 2 (Gill and Johnson, 2002). Kuhn (1970) supports the need for paradigms on the basis that they bind disciplines together, and without them there would be no valid position from which to undertake research. Deshpande (1983) suggests that the acceptance of a particular theoretical aradigm is typically followed by a choice of a specific set of research methods that appear to fit within it. This is perhaps exemplified by the significant use of laboratory experiments in pure scientific disciplines. Within the social sciences however there has been a long-standing debate surrounding which philosophical standpoint, or paradigm, it is appropriate for research methods to be derived from (Milliken, 2001). Cohen et al (2000) consider there to be two m ajor, apparently contradictory, views relating to how research should be conducted within social science. The first aligns social science with natural science and therefore implies that research in the field should be directed towards the search for universal laws which regulate individual social behaviour. The second focuses on the human element of social science research, with recognition of the notion that people are not inanimate objects and therefore cannot be treated as such. Aligning social science with natural science arguably implies that data collection and analysis is best performed from a positivist standpoint. As research methods favoured by positivists tend towards those reliant on quantification (Gill and Johnson, 2002), it would follow that in management research the focus should be on quantitative research methods. Research conducted from the positivist viewpoint is usually considered to be reductionist in nature, and is often termed hypothetico-deductive, as it aims to derive a result in relation to a predefined hypothesis (Zikmund, 2000). Conversely, an approach to research which embraces human individuality and places emphasis on how people perceive and give meaning to their own Page 3 of 3 socially created world, can be considered constructivist (Hunt, 1994), and phenomenological (Gill and Johnson, 2002). The focus from this standpoint is therefore on understanding, interpreting and building theory rather than objectively testing, deducing and verifying an existing hypothesis. Such an approach can be considered inductive in nature and therefore favours the adoption of qualitative research methods. ollows: â€Å"†¦the most telling and fundamental distinction between the paradigms is on the dimension of verification versus discovery†¦quantitative methods have been developed most directly for the task of verifying or confirming theories and†¦qualitative methods were purposely developed for the task of discovering or generating theories. † (Reichardt and Cook, 1979: cited in Deshpande, 1983: p. 105 ) This can be explained further as At the extreme of the inductive spectrum lies the concept of grounded theory developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967). Here the researcher builds theory based entirely on the data obtained in a particular study without the influence of predetermined knowledge or preconceived hypotheses. Taking deduction to the extreme hypotheses can only ever be tested, raising the question of how it is possible to obtain a hypothesis in the first place. This presents a number of dilemmas with regard to research in the field of management, including whether it is more appropriate to test existing hypotheses or to develop new theory. The theory-testing versus theory-generation debate is particularly significant in the field of marketing as, due to the relative youth of the discipline, marketers are faced with the challenge of both obtaining and maintaining respect and credibility for the work that has been done so far (Bartels, 1983); and continuing to generate theory needed to develop a coherent, holistic body of knowledge which will clear up marketing’s existing â€Å"theory mess† (Gummesson, 2002: p. 349). Page 4 of 4 Development of research in the field of marketing The discipline of marketing, which came about as a departure from economics not long after 1900, originally had no identity of its own. There was no predetermined framework for its development, nor any real expectation of what it should, or could, become (Bartels, 1983). The way the discipline started to develop however led to a belief that it had â€Å"†¦meritorious scientific character† (Bartels, 1983: p. 34), which subsequently influenced ideas about the way in which credible research in the field should be conducted. Consequently approaches to research in marketing have historically been dominated by deductive processes (Hyde, 2000). Milliken (2001) supports this with the observation that within the marketing literature there has been little attention paid to qualitative research. If marketing was universally accepted to be akin to a pure science then this may be an acceptable situation. It has been suggested however that, rather than being a science, marketing is actually an art which belongs both to the world of business and the school of humanities (Halliday, 1999). It was noted by Deshpande (1983) that in the early 1980s there were only four major textbooks dealing with the metatheoretical issues in marketing, and it can therefore be understood that â€Å"†¦self conscious reflection on theory construction in marketing is of fairly recent origin. † (p. 104). Peter (1982), supported by Deshpande (1983), argues that the dominant philosophical approach applied in marketing is that of logical empiricism. Such a positivist approach forces a â€Å"†¦search for causality and the assumption of determinism† (Hunt, 1994: p. 7), which directs those conducting marketing research towards hypotheticodeductive methods for the verification of existing theories rather than development of new ones. Page 5 of 5 Goulding (1999) suggests that the popularity of the positivist paradigm may be down to the more transparent rules which it projects with regard to the basis of hypotheses and their testing, resulting in a clearer picture of what is a ccepted to be known and what remains unknown or untested. As marketing is a relatively young discipline, quantitative methods have therefore been regularly favoured over qualitative methods in an attempt to establish credibility and respectability (Bartels, 1983). Bass (1993) unreservedly supports quantitative research and the scientific view of marketing, on the basis of the need to make general laws and principles which can be widely applied. To emphasise his position further Bass (1993) repeatedly refers to the discipline as not as â€Å"marketing† but as â€Å"marketing science†. Despite this apparent favouritism of qualitative research, for establishing integrity and credence, it has been suggested that marketing as a discipline has failed to develop a coherent theoretical foundation due to the inappropriate selection and use of methods within the framework of logical empiricism (Leone and Schultz, 1980). criticises how qualitative research is implemented. Gummesson (2001) also He questions whether or not it is ppropriate to make a jump from a subjective answer given by a person, perhaps in the form of a questionnaire response, to hard facts about the population being studied, and furthermore if a model being selected for use in marketing research can be an appropriate proxy for the particular situation being studied. Gummesson (2001) instead advocates an interactive approach to research in marketing based on â€Å"†¦a humanistic, hermeneutic and phenomenological paradigm. (p. 40). Deshpande (1983) is in agreement with this and proposes that, rather th at the incorrectly using quantitative research methods, the shortfall in theory development in the field may lie in the inappropriate adoption of a quantitative paradigm where a qualitative one would be more appropriate: â€Å"If we ignore the qualitative paradigm, we also by definition exclude the principal systematic means of theory generation. † (Deshpande, 1983: p. 106) Page 6 of 6 The dominance of logical empiricism in marketing has therefore been seen as potentially detrimental to the discipline, because the successful development of an appropriate holistic and sound body of theory is necessary for the credibility of the field in both management and academe (Bartels, 1983). Hunt (1994) however observes that scholars in the field of marketing, particularly those reviewing papers for publication in academic journals, may themselves be responsible for the lack of theory generation by being over critical when reviewing the work of those who attempt to make an original contribution. According to Gummesson (2001) this behaviour reinforces the belief that to build a publications record, and a respectable reputation, marketers are being encouraged to test existing theory using quantitative methods rather than generate theory through qualitative investigation. This, it has been suggested, has resulted in there being no development in general management marketing theory over recent decades, leaving marketing as an array of disjointed theories and ideas founded on arguably obsolete principles Gummesson (2001). The lack of credibility given to qualitative research techniques in marketing from the academic perspective does however appear somewhat ironic given that such methods are widely adopted in marketing research in industry (Deshpande, 1983). Although it may appear that qualitative marketing research is a relatively recent revelation, Deshpande (1983) argues that this is not the case. He observes that there was significant interest in the topic in the 1950s and 1960s. In the early 1980s, Fern (1982) suggested that the reason one specific qualitative technique, focus groups, had failed to gain prominence was a lack of empirical testing, which would allow the theory development necessary to acquire credibility. In other words a qualitative technique struggled to generate recognition because it could not satisfy the positivistic evaluation criteria needed to do so. This is perhaps indicative of the historical power of positivism in marketing academia in determining what can be accepted as credible Page 7 of 7 nd what cannot, regardless of whether or not techniques are accepted in the commercial environment. Malhotra and Peterson (2001) suggest that for marketing to move forward in the twenty-first century it is necessary to bridge the gap between the academic and commercial positions. There is evidence of increasing acceptance of qualitative methods in marketing research, especially in managing research as the marketplace evolves. For example Kozinet z (2002) developed â€Å"netnography† as a technique for gaining insight into online communities based on a combination of the principles of ethnography and focus groups. Quantitative techniques it would appear still have their place in marketing research too, despite the criticisms levelled at them. The SERVQUAL questionnaire for example, originally developed by Parasuraman et al (1988), relies on the collection of data which can be statistically manipulated to determine levels of service quality. Notwithstanding the substantial criticism it has received (see Buttle, 1996), it is still being used in marketing research today (see e. g. DeMoranville and Bienstock, 2003). What it would consequently appear important to recognise is that both quantitative and qualitative methods have their place in marketing research; neither is sufficient on its own, and there is potentially for significant advances to be made if marketing researchers acknowledge this (Deshpande, 1983). Triangulation and methodological pluralism There is a place in marketing research for both qualitative and quantitative research. There is also a significant risk that overly staunch advocates of a single paradigm will forego the quality of their research by valuing the methodological choice above the aim of the particular Page 8 of 8 study (Bartels, 1983). From a marketing research perspective the importance therefore lies in recognition of the relative advantages and disadvantages of both the qualitative and quantitative research and the understanding of the strengths and weakness of particular methods. Cahill (1996) supports this with the recognition that qualitative and quantitative techniques can be complementary, and Milliken (2001) suggests that the reality of a real research situation demands compromise between the seemingly opposed philosophical standpoints on which the methods are based. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods presents the researcher with an opportunity to compensate for the weakness in each approach. (Deshpande, 1983), and within the field of marketing there appears to be a significant move towards combining qualitative and quantitative research methods (Milliken, 2001). Perry (1998) emphasises the benefit of case study methodology in marketing and suggests that there is no need to consider induction and deduction to be mutually exclusive when selecting a research method. He emphasises that realism is the most appropriate paradigm from which to undertake marketing research as it allows the building of new theory whilst incorporating existing knowledge. Strength in method combination does not necessarily have to include qualitative and quantitative approaches. Hall and Rist (1999) present a marketing study based on the triangulation of purely qualitative research methods including focus groups, observation and document examination. They argue that doing this eliminates the risks of relying on a single method and therefore enhances research quality and strengthens the credibility of qualitative techniques. Page 9 of 9 Methodological pluralism, whilst appearing to offer reconciliation between opposing theoretical paradigms in relation to research method choice, does itself introduce debate and criticism. Gill and Johnson (2002) for example note that embracing realism can be seen as accepting positivism at the cost of phenomenology as it may involve the †¦operationalization and measurement of social reality (stimuli) and action (response)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 170). Consequently, combining research methods can itself become part of the argument rather than a solution. Conclusion The decision of whether to adopt qualitative or quantitative methods in management research historically appears to be based on the philosophical assumptions upheld by the individual researcher or the discipline in which he or she is work ing. A paradigmatic dichotomy between positivism and phenomenology (or constructivism) would seem to have resulted in a situation where, in some instances, the research methodology choice is deemed more significant than the subject of the particular study. Marketing is a relatively young discipline within the field of management and, as such, is faced with the challenge of obtaining and maintaining credibility. To do this it has been proposed that it needs to both test existing theory and generate new theory, however the processes required to achieve these two goals can be seem to stem from diametrically opposed paradigms: theory-testing being achievable through deductive methods; and theory generation relying on an inductive approach. This incommensurability has however been challenged with the assertion that what is important is selecting an appropriate methodology for a particular study, rather than fitting a Page 10 of 10 study to a method. Methodological triangulation has been suggested as a means of achieving this, with a move towards a paradigm of realism where the relative advantages and disadvantages of a number of research methods can be embraced. Whilst at face value this approach may appear to offer a compromise offering the best practical solution to the methodological choice dispute, it also introduces criticism of its own which, in turn fuels the debate further. The general aim of this discussion, to consider the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods, has itself been conducted from an ostensibly positivistic standpoint. In fact any discussion, comparison or assessment of research methods is arguably starting from a predetermined premise that an objective evaluation is being undertaken (Gill and Johnson, 2002), and can therefore be seen to be embracing positivist ideals. Taking into account the amount of attention that has been paid to philosophical approaches to management research; the ambiguities that are apparent; the ongoing search for the most suitable and appropriate means for conducting studies; and the motivation to establish and maintain credibility, it would seem unlikely that end to the debate regarding research methods in management is in sight: â€Å"Like the earth being round, thus lacking a natural end, the journey in Methodologyland has no end. You search again and again and again, just as the term says: re-search, re-search, re-search. (Gummesson, 2001: p. 29) Page 11 of 11 References Bartels, R. (1983), â€Å"Is marketing defaulting its responsibilities? †, Journal of Marketing, 47(4), pp. 32-35 Bass, F. M. (1993), â€Å"The future of research in marketing: Marketing Science†, Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), pp. 1-6 Buttle, F. (1996), â€Å"SERVQUAL: review, critique, research agenda†, European Journal o f Marketing, 30(1), pp. 8-32 Cahill, D. J. (1996), â€Å"When to use qualitative methods: a new approach†, Marketing Intelligence Planning, 14(6), pp. 16-20 Cohen, L. , Manion, L. and Morr, K. 2000), Research Methods in Education, 5th Edition, Routledge: London Cunningham, A. C. (1999), â€Å"Commentary confessions of a reflective practitioner: meeting the challenges of marketing’s destruction†, European Journal of Marketing, 33(7/8), pp. 685-697 DeMoranville, C. W. and Bienstock, C. C. (2003), â€Å"Question order effects in measuring service quality†, International Journal of research in Marketing, 20(3), pp. 217-231 Deshpande, R. (1983), â€Å"Paradigms Lost: On theory and method in research in marketing†, Journal of Marketing, 47(4), pp. 101-110 Fern, E. F. 1982), â€Å"The use of focus groups for idea generation: the effects of group size, acquaintanceship, and moderator on response quantity and quality†, Journal of Marketing Research, 19(1), pp. 1-13 Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (2002), Research Methods For Mangers, 3rd Edition, London: SAGE Publications Ltd Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine Publishing Company: Chicago Goulding, C. (1999), â€Å"Consumer research, interpretive paradigms and methodological ambiguities†, European Journal of Marketing, 33(9/10), pp. 59-873 Gummesson, E. (2001), â€Å"Are current research approaches in marketing leading us astray? †, Marketing Theory, 1(1), pp. 27-48 Gummesson, E. (2002), â€Å"Practical value of adequate marketing management theory†, European Journal of Marketing, 36(3), pp. 325-349 Hall, A. L. and Rist, R. C. (1999), â€Å"Integrating multiple qualitative research methods (or avoiding the precariousness of a one-legged stool)†, Psychology Marketing, 16(4), pp. 291304 Page 12 of 12 Halliday, S. 1999), â€Å"I don’t know much about art, but I know wh at I like: resonance, relevance and illumination as assessment criteria for marketing research and scholarship†, Marketing Intelligence Planning, 17(7), pp. 345-362 Hunt, S. D. (1994), â€Å"On rethinking marketing: Our discipline, our practice, our methods†, European Journal of Marketing, 28(3), pp. 13-25 Hyde, K. F. (2000), â€Å"Recognising deductive processes in qualitative research†, Qualitative Market Research, 3(2), pp. 82-90 Kozinets, R. V. (2002), â€Å"The field behind the screen: Using Netnography for marketing research in online communities†, Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), pp. 1-72 Kuhn, T. S. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Leone, R. P. and Schultz, R. L. (1980), â€Å"A study of marketing generalizations†, Journal of Marketing, 44(1), pp. 10-18 Malhotra, N. K. and Birks, D. F. (2000), Marketing Research: An Applied Approach, 3rd European Edition, Harlow, England : Financial Times Prentice Hall Malhotra, N. K. and Peterson, M. (2001), â€Å"Marketing research in the new millennium: emerging issues and trends†, Marketing Intelligence Planning, 19(4), pp. 16-235 Milliken, J. (2001), â€Å"Qualitative research and marketing management†, Management Decision, 39(1), pp. 71-77 Parasuraman, A. , Grewal, D. and Krishnan, R. (2004), Maketing Research, Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company Parasuraman, A. , Zeithaml, V. A. and Berry, L. L. (1988), â€Å"SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumers perceptions of service quality†, Journal of Retailing, 64(1), pp. 12-40 Perry, C. (1998), â€Å"Process of a case study methodology for postgraduate research in marketing†, 32(9/10), pp. 785-802 Peter, J. P. 1982), â€Å"Current issues in the philosophy of science: Implications for marketing theory – a panel discussion†, in Marketing Theory: Philosophy of Science Perspectives, Bush, R. F. and Hunt, S. D. (eds. ), Chicago, American Marketing, pp. 11-16 Reichardt, C. S. and Cook, T. D. (1979), â€Å"Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods†, in Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Evaluation Research, Cook, T. D and Reichardt, (eds. ) Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Zikmund, W. G. (2000), Business Research Methods, 6th Edition, Orlando, USA: The Dryden Press, Harcourt College Publishers Page 13 of 13 How to cite Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods, Papers

Dose Of Reality Essay Research Paper Theresa free essay sample

Dose Of Reality Essay, Research Paper Theresa ran into the bathroom and dug through her bag in hunt of the one thing that would do all her hurting travel off. As she hid in the bathroom stall, she wondered how her life had come to this. She was crumpled up on the bathroom floor lodging a needle into her arm. Her life had been good. She had to acknowledge she had been blessed. She came from a household of good standing. She had had every thing she could every privation. So why her? Why did this hold to be her life? She couldn # 8217 ; t understand. She eventually snapped back to world and realized she was traveling to be tardily for category. She pulled herself up and rushed out of the bathroom to her following category. As she ran into the room, the bell rang. Every one was gazing at her and snickering. We will write a custom essay sample on Dose Of Reality Essay Research Paper Theresa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She knew they talked about her. Even her alleged best friend Tiffany had ditched her. As Theresa took her place at the dorsum of the room, a miss up forepart of the room snickered. Theresa wears a jumper every twenty-four hours, even when its 100 grades out. Theresa looked around and rapidly pushed her sleeves a small manner up her arm. As her Economics category began, her head began to roll to James and their last dark together. The dark had been fantastic. She remembered that he took her out to the beach to eat a field day dinner. As they lay in each other # 8217 ; s weaponries they watched the sundown on the H2O. She wanted this feeling to last forever. She didn # 8217 ; t believe she could of all time experience more felicity than this. That is until the minute that James took out the ring and asked her to get married him. He told her that he loved her and he wanted to be with her forever. She couldn # 8217 ; t believe what she was hearing. She was shocked. She said yes. That dark, he dropped her off at her house at 12:20 10 proceedingss before her curfew. As she got ready for bed and lay down to kip all she could believe about was what it would be like passing the remainder of her life with him. She fell asleep content. The following forenoon she had the worst feeling. She couldn # 8217 ; t understand. So she called James # 8217 ; s house. It was busy so she figured that his ma or sister were on the phone so she merely put the feelings aside. She walked B ack to the sleeping room, turned on the Television, and got a towel to take a shower. Merely as she walked into the bathroom she heard it. # 8220 ; Last dark at 12:30 a immature adult male by the name of James Obeney got into a serious accident on Adamsville Rd. He was in a caput on hit with a rummy driver. When the paramedics arrived on the scene he was pronounced dead. # 8221 ; She blocked out the remainder. She couldn # 8217 ; t believe it. This couldn # 8217 ; t go on to her. She loved him. They were supposed to be acquiring married. He couldn # 8217 ; t decease. The bell rang. The sound knocked her out of her trance-like province. She wanted to shout for the memory but she didn # 8217 ; t have the energy. She fell into a bad province of heartache after he died. She wouldn # 8217 ; t speak to anyone. She besides started traveling to parties wild parties where she would happen people who were in merely as much hurting as she was. She met some new friends. They introduced her to heroin, and told her that they have used for a long clip. It did aid, it made all the hurting travel off. They got her hooked. She thought they were her friends, but they weren # 8217 ; t. They took her money and one time they got what they wanted from her, they called her weak and regretful. They didn # 8217 ; t associate with her anymore. Now she had nil left but holes in her weaponries and an ache in her bosom that would neer travel off. She pulled into the private road of her house. She drove the new Mercedes that her parents had bought her for ( as they said ) being so strong though everything. As she parked she saw a constabulary auto. A moving ridge of terror swept over her. It made her desire to turn back, but she knew she couldn # 8217 ; t. It was eventually clip to face world. She had a job and she needed aid. She got out of the auto and walked up the stairss. The door all of a sudden flew unfastened. ( Her female parent ) With cryings in her eyes, reached for her manus and led her to the life room. Where there was a police officer and a counsellor. Through all her fright, Theresa all of a sudden felt relieved and happy. She was eventually traveling to be free from the hurting that invariably enveloped her. She knew it would take tonss of difficult work, but in her head and in her bosom this was something she wanted. She would make any thing to accomplish it. 326