Volcanoes Essay Example For Students

Volcanoes Essay By Tricia Severson2nd hour Science4/30/98A volcano is a vent, or opening, in the surface of the Earth through which magma andassociated gases and ash erupt. The word also refers to the form or structure, usuallyconical, produced by accumulations of erupted material. Volcanoes occur mainly nearplate tectonic boundaries and are especially common around the Pacific basin, called thePacific Ring of Fire (see Plate Tectonics). Humanity has long been awed by this powerful force of nature. The Romans attributedvolcanic events to Vulcan, the god of fire and metalworking. In AD 79 the eruption ofMount Vesuvius destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Polynesiansbelieve volcanoes to be ruled by the fire goddess Pele. One of the most spectacularvolcanic eruptions in recorded history occurred in 1883 with the explosion of Krakatoa,an island in the Sunda Strait near Java (see Krakatoa). A more recent example is thedramatic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range in Wa shington State. Volcano Formation and EruptionsVolcanic eruptions may be violent, even catastrophic, or relatively mild. The mostexplosive eruptions are essentially blasts of steam that create spectacular displays. We will write a custom essay on Volcanoes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Quieter fissure eruptions occur when molten rock pushes through long cracks in theEarths crust and floods the surrounding landscape. Such repeated outpourings of lava canfill surrounding valleys and bury low hills, creating thick lava sequences that eventuallybecome plateaus (see Plateau). The origin of molten rock, referred to by geologists as magma, is not clearlyunderstood. About 80 percent of all magma is composed of basalt rock. Geophysicalresearch suggests that volcanic magma forms near the base of the Earths crust and movesupward to a shallow magma chamber before erupting at the surface. Magmas risebecause they are less dense than the rocks at lower depths, and their heat probablyweakens surrounding rocks. The upward movement of magma may also be due toexpanding gases within the molten rock or to chemical reactions that dissolve rocksabove the magma. Volcanic material moves toward the surface through channelways, orvolcanic conduits, and is extruded through vents at the Earths surface. (See also Lavaand Magma.) Eruptions take different forms depending on the composition of the magma when itreaches the surface. Sudden eruptions are often associated with low-viscosity (morefluid) magma where the expanding gases form a froth that becomes a light, glassy rockcalled pumice. In eruptions of high-viscosity (thicker) magmas, the gas pressure shattersthe rock into fragments. Pyroclastic rocks, formed by volcanic explosion, are namedaccording to size: volcanic ash if sand-sized or smaller, volcanic bombs if larger. Consolidated ash is called tuff. Quieter, more passive eruptions release fluid basalt lavafrom dikes or dike swarms (magma intrusions that cut across layers of rock). Theseeruptions cover large areas and often produce ropy, or pahoehoe, lava flows. Thickerbasalt lava breaks into chunks or blocks, forming blocky lava flows, called aa. The products of volcanism may be classified into two groups: lava and pyroclastics. Lava is the fluid phase of volcanic activity. Pyroclastics (also called tephra) arevarious-sized particles of hot debris thrown out of a volcano. Whether lava orpyroclastics are being ejected, the eruption is normally accompanied by the expulsion ofwater and gases, many of which are poisonous. Lava usually forms long, narrow rivers ofmolten rock that flow down the slopes of a volcano. Explosive eruptions tend to be spectacular events best observed from a safe distance. Earthquakes, high columns of vapors, lightning, and strong whirlwinds often accompanythe explosions. The eruption of Krakatoa unleashed a tsunami, a large seismic sea wave,that swept the coasts of Java and Sumatra and drowned more than 36,000 people. Avolcano can grow with frightening speed and often affects territory far beyond the areaon which the cone forms. When volcanoes are born in the sea, the eruptions may be moreviolent than those on land because the contact between molten rock and seawaterproduces steam. Volcanoes also create craters and calderas. Craters are formed either by the massivecollapse of material during volcanic activity, by unusually violent explosions, or later byerosion during dormancy. Calderas are large, basin-shaped depressions. Most of them areformed after a magma chamber drains and no longer supports the overlying cone, whichthen collapses inward to create the basin. One of the most famous examples is thestill-active Kilauea caldera in Hawaii. Types of Vo lcanoesVolcanoes are usually classified by shape and size. These are determined by such factorsas the volume and type of volcanic material ejected, the sequence and variety oferuptions, and the environment. Among the most common types are shield volcanoes,stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones. Shield volcanoes have a low, broad profile created by highly fluid basalt flows thatspread over wide areas. The fluid basalt cannot build up a cone with sides much steeperthan 7 degrees. Over thousands of years, however, these cones can reach massive size. .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postImageUrl , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:visited , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active { border:0!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mars 3 EssayThe Hawaiian Islands are composed of shield volcanoes that have built up from the seafloor to the surface some 3 miles (5 kilometers) above. Peaks such as Mauna Loa andMauna Kea rise to more than 13,600 feet (4,145 meters) above sea level. Hawaii is thelargest lava structure in the world, while Mauna Loa, if measured from the sea floor, isthe worlds largest mountain in terms of both height and volume. Stratovolcanoes are the most common volcanic form. They are composed of alternatinglayers of lava and pyroclastic material. When a quiet lava flow ends, it creates a seal ofsolidified lava within the conduit of the volcano. Pressure gradually builds up below,setti ng the stage for a violent blast of pyroclastic material. These alternating cycles repeatthemselves, giving stratovolcanoes a violent reputation. A cinder cone is a conical hill of mostly cinder-sized pyroclastics. The profile of thecone is determined by the angle of repose, that is, the steepest angle at which debrisremains stable and does not slide downhill. Larger cinder fragments, which fall near thesummit, can form slopes exceeding 30 degrees. Finer particles are carried farther fromthe vent and form gentle slopes of about 10 degrees at the base of the cone. Thesevolcanoes tend to be explosive but may also extrude some lava. Cinder cones arenumerous, occur in all sizes, and tend to rise steeply above the surrounding area. Thoseoccurring on the flanks of larger volcanoes are called parasitic cones. Volcanic activity typically alternates between short active periods and much longerdormant periods. An extinct volcano is one that is not erupting and is not likely to eruptin the fut ure. A dormant volcano, while currently inactive, has erupted within historictimes and is likely to do so in the future. An inactive volcano is one that has not beenknown to erupt within historic times. Such classification is arbitrary, however, sincealmost any volcano is capable of erupting again. In the late stages of volcanic activity, magma can heat circulating groundwater,producing hot springs and geysers (see Geyser and Fumarole). A geyser is a hot-waterfountain that spouts intermittently with great force. One of the best-known examples isOld Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. Fumaroles are vents that emit gas fumes orsteam. Volcanoes occur along belts of tension, where continental plates diverge, and alongbelts of compression, where the plates converge. Styles of eruption and types of lava areassociated with different kinds of plate boundaries. Most lavas that issue from vents inoceanic divergence zones and from midoceanic volcanoes are basaltic. Where oceanplates collide , the rock types basalt and andesite predominate. Near the zone where anocean plate and continental margin converge, consolidated ash flows are found. Nearly 1,900 volcanoes are active today or known to have been active in historicaltimes. Of these, almost 90 percent are situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire. This belt partlycoincides with the young mountain ranges of western North and South America, and thevolcanic island arcs fringing the north and western sides of the Pacific basin. TheMediterranean-Asian orogenic belt has few volcanoes, except for Indonesia and theMediterranean where they are more numerous. Oceanic volcanoes are strung along theworlds oceanic ridges, while the remaining active volcanoes are associated with theAfrican rift valleys. Study of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanology, a branch of geology, is the study of volcanoes and volcanic activity. Although volcanoes are difficult to study because of the hazards involved, volcanoobservatories have existed for decades. Scientists observe active volcanoes to obtain information that might help predict thetiming and intensity of eruptions. Sensitive instruments detect changes in temperature,chemical composition of emissions, Earth movements, magnetic fields, gravity, and otherphysical properties of the volcano. Modern networks of seismographs provideinformation on the internal structure and activity of volcanoes (see Earthquake). Theintensity, frequency, and location of earthquakes provide important clues to volcanicactivity, particularly impending eruptions. Movements of magma typically producenumerous tremors, sometimes exceeding 1,000 per day. An almost continuous tremorgenerally accompanies a lava outpouring. Tiltmeters (instruments that measure tilting ofthe ground) help detect swelling and deflation of the volcano caused by the accumulationand movement of magma. Researchers a lso monitor variations in the chemistry andpetrology of the lavas and the chemistry of emitted gases. Volcanoes erupt in a wide variety of ways. Even a single volcano may go throughseveral eruption phases in one active period. Eruptions are classified according to thegeochemical composition and viscosity of the lavas, nature of the flows or ash release,and associated phenomena. Magmatic eruptions are the most common, but the mostviolent arise from steam explosions when the fiery magma reaches surface water, ice, orgroundwater. Pelean eruptions, named after the 1902 eruption of Mount Pele on the Caribbeanisland of Martinique, are characterized by incandescent flows of rock and pumicefragments. The entrapment of high-temperature gases in these glowing avalanches,known by the French term nue ardente, is associated with a particularly violent phase oferuption. Eruptions of intermediate force are typified by Plinian eruptions, named after Pliny theElder, who witnessed the volcanic destru ction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Plinianeruptions are characterized by both the extrusion of high-viscosity lava flows and theviolent explosion of released gases that blast huge quantities of ash, cinders, bombs, andblocks skyward. Volcanic mudflows, landslides, and lahars (flows of volcanic debris)may also follow, particularly if the eruptions are accompanied by rainstorms. Less violent Hawaiian and Strombolian-type eruptions are associated with fissures thatoften produce a line of fire fountains. These geyserlike fountains of lava may shootseveral hundred feet into the air and form a nearly continuous curtain of fire. The basaltlava is extremely fluid and flows down the mountain sides in torrents. When thesestreams reach the sea, they form pillow lavas, lobes of stacked lava that resemble a pileof pillows. Volcanoes provide a wealth of natural resources. Emissions of volcanic rock, gas, andsteam are sources of important industrial materials and chemicals, such as pumice, boricaci d, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. In Iceland most of the homes in Reykjavk areheated by hot water tapped from volcanic springs. Greenhouses heated in the same waycan provide fresh vegetables and tropical fruits to this subarctic island. Geothermal steamis exploited as a source of energy for the production of electricity in Italy, New Zealand,the United States, Mexico, Japan, and Russia. The scientific study of volcanoes providesuseful information on Earth processes.

The concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. The WritePass Journal

The concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. Introduction The concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. IntroductionLocality ProjectConclusion:References:Related Introduction Locality Project In this essay I will be examining the concept of religion and how it affects health in my community of practice, London Borough of Newham, based on sociological and psychological theories. I have chosen Newham as this is where I was located on placement and therefore have encountered a very diverse and multicultural way of life, hence the theme for this essay. Over the last 20 years London has become more and more a diverse and multicultural society, â€Å"London, England, United Kingdom, population 7,556,900 in 2007 claims to be one of the most ethnically diverse cities on earth, with over 300 languages spoken in it.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London. Also I would like a better understanding to the social and cultural aspects of the patients within that area and to further my own knowledge for future references in the healthcare sector. The term religion is â€Å"a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a supernatural agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion. In placement I came across many Muslim patients and therefore judged the majority of the population in Newham to be Muslims. â€Å"Newham has the fourth smallest proportion of Christians in England and Wales, 47 percent. Its second largest religious group is Muslim, with 24 per cent of the population.† newham.gov.uk/YourCouncil/CensusInformation/NewhamintheCensus-aSynopsis.htm. By using sociological and psychological perspectives I will try to analyze the affect religion has on the health of people from different religions and cultures in Newham. Religion can create many communities by sharing the same faiths, beliefs and values; however community has numerous associations depending on how it is used and in what context. Community plays a huge role in people’s lives; it constructs a sense of belonging and identity. The Oxford English Dictionary has various definitions for community such as â€Å"a group of people living together in one place.† â€Å"The people of an area or country considered collectively; society.† â€Å"A group of people with a common religion, race, or profession: the scientific community.† â€Å"The holding of certain attitudes and interests in common.† â€Å"A group of interdependent plants or animals growing or living together or occupying a specified habitat. askoxford.com/concise_oed/community?view=uk. The three I have found to be useful in relation to my essay are â€Å"a group of people living together in one place.† I feel this is the most basic definition as there could be no community without people occupying it. Also â€Å"the people of an area or country considered collectively; society† and â€Å"a group of people with a common religion, race, or profession: the scientific community.† From what I have experienced in my locality I feel these definitions are most relevant as they build an awareness of the different religious communities in Newham. From a psychological point of view (Azarya 1985) sees community â€Å"in terms of social relationships or sentiment.† I feel in this case, community can be focussed towards the relationship a person has with their superior being in whuch their religion divulges from which is both personal and sentimental to them, therefore it contributes to the social relationships in a community. A sociological definition of community is â€Å"traditionally a community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location. The word is often used to refer to a group that is organized around common values and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community. I have chosen to follow the sociological perspective of community to help my understanding as I feel that society has a big impact on religion; coincided with the psychology behind decisions due to religion. Although I feel that the sociological aspect of community is more identifiable in today’s multicultural society, â€Å"in sociology, the concept of community has led to significant debate, and sociologists are yet to reach agreement on a definition of the term. There were ninety-four discrete definitions of the term by the mid-1950s.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community. I have looked at Max Weber’s theory on religion to identify and rationalise that religion could affect an individual’s heath. Weber’s theory is concerned with the way both religion and society influences each other and concentrates on the way religion configures reasons for suffering and death, (Weber, 1974). I also feel that people look to religion to make sense of difficulties that they couldn’t understand, â€Å"science can fundamentally explain how a sickness for example can occur, we cannot go to the depth of why it occurred† thus   Weber saw religion as a way of people understanding the cause behind it. Also Weber found that in a lot of religious traditions it is believed suffering if a form of punishment from a higher being. This explains how in some religions medicine and other forms of healthcare may be rejected, due to belief that handing yourself over to the will of God is the right thing to do and having faith. Jehovah’s Witness are an example of this as â€Å"they seek alternatives to blood transfusions due to their belief that a human must not sustain his or her life with another creature’s blood†. Based on Weber’s insights of religion I have come to an understanding that people with strong religious beliefs value life, and everything bad that comes with it is a punishment from God, having still maintaining faith as God has done this to them for a reason and therefore should accept them without question. From a psychological perspective â€Å"spiritual or religious beliefs have been shown to be associated with increased psychological well-being and better health.† (Koenig and Cohen 2002). This suggests that spiritual and religious guidance aids the emotional state of a person and as London is a more diverse and multicultural society today, it is important to have an open mind and to be prepared for differences which may occur in different religious beliefs. For many Muslims, their faith is a vital source of support, comfort and strength. â€Å"Most Muslims believe that Allah never puts a greater burden on a person than she or he has the capacity to bear, (Qur’an 2; 23).† This suggests that they strongly believe the approach that everything happens for a reason. Also â€Å"illness and death are not punishments from Allah, any more than health is a reward.† I have also looked at a website which was directed at Muslims, â€Å"from an Islamic perspective health is viewed as one of the greatest blessings that God has bestowed on mankind. It should be noted that the greatest blessing after belief is health, as narrated in the following Hadith:† and â€Å"God has entrusted us with our bodies for a predestined period of time. He will hold us to account on how we looked after and utilised our bodies and good health.† muslimhealthnetwork.org/islamandhealth.shtml. This theory from the Muslim Health Network explains the religions view of health and that to them it is a blessing to have a good health therefore Muslims shouldn’t do things that would jeopardise their health in anyway, such as not smoking and drinking. â€Å"Islam strictly forbids indulgence in intoxicants such as alcohol and drugs for good reason. The limited pleasure of such vices causes immense long-term damage to both mind, body and the social fabric of society. Particular schools of thought include smoking within the list of prohibitions because of its harmful effects on the body.† muslimhealthnetwork.org/islamandhealth.shtml. These are all examples of how religion and faith plays a significant part in affecting health in a positive way. (Neuberger, 1994a) stated â€Å"nurses who work with patients who come from various religious backgrounds need to make themselves familiar with the basic beliefs of the religion concerned, in order to care for a patient and recognise their possible spiritual and cultural needs.† As London is so diverse it is important that nurses and other healthcare professionals to have some sort of conception of each religion. This view varies from that of Weber’s as Neuberger implies that it is the nurse’s responsibility to provide the appropriate care needed for the individual. I have found some quotes which have also helped me to understand how religion can affect health in today’s society. â€Å"Today, many medical professionals and religious leaders believe it’s a blend of the scientific and the spiritual that prove to promote health and reduce disease.† goodnewsblog.com/2007/04/23/can-prayer-influence-health. Also â€Å"patients draw on prayer and other religious resources to navigate and overcome the spiritual challenges that arise in their experiences of illness.† newsmedical.net/news/2007/04/10/23336.aspx. These quotes and overall I believe that people who have strong religious beliefs accept the saying ‘everything happens for a reason’ and therefore place their understanding and perception of life with God. This aids an individual with emotional support when science cannot find what the root of their health complications are and therefore enables them to seek help and guidance from their religion. To gather information I used both primary and secondary recourses to help with my research, in order to attain consistent and constructive information to make my findings accurate. I looked at a website providing local and national statistics and found that excluding Christians, the majority of Newham’s population were Muslim, therefore I felt focussing my essay towards the religion of Islam most appropriate. However nine percent of people’s religion was not stated so the accuracy of this was not extremely reliable. As this was a government website, the statistics and information held on it would be reliable and accurate. In relation to health within Newham, I found a table containing sufficient data on religion, health, ethnicity and much more. I also did a search on Google to find some more information on the relationship between health and religion and came up with the Muslim health network site which gave me a better take on the Islamic perspective of health and wellbeing. Using the internet was efficient as I was able to acquire all the data I required.   The only disadvantage to this was that some websites such as; Wikipedia, can be edited therefore, some information or websites cannot be trusted as anyone can edit the webpage. However, websites such as directgov.co.uk and many others are copyrighted therefore, cannot be edited unless you have the authorisation to do so, due to copyright acts, which means these are reliable websites to seize facts and figures from. Being able to borrow several books from the library was very convenient as this allowed me to widen my understanding and to correlate the sociological and psychological views in more depth with religion and health. Although looking for the right books and appropriate information was time consuming, I felt the books were more useful than the websites that I used to gather evidence. However an inconvenience of using books is that it can be outdated and therefore the relevance to practice nowadays may not apply as well. I then went on to look at Newham’s and the BBC religion website; this showed me how religion can create communities within boroughs and how areas with members of the same faith attract people of the same religions. â€Å"Concentrated communities of Muslims are found in the boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham; Jews in Harrow, Barnet and north Hackney; and Hindus in Brent.† http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6978116. In my placement area, London borough of Newham, I came across a lot of multicultural patients who had different faiths. As I lacked knowledge in their particular beliefs I chose to do my essay on religion and capture the affects religion may have on health. Ethnicity and Religion   national commentary Ethnic Group (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 White 51.4% 91.3% 374 31   Ã‚  Ã‚  Largest minority ethnic group(s) Bangladeshi (33.4%) Black African (3.4%) Black Caribbean (2.7%) Place of birth (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Born in UK 65.3% 91.1% 369 26 Born elsewhere in EU (inc Rep Ireland) 3.9% 2.3% 33 23 Born outside EU 30.8% 6.6% 6 6 Religion (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Christian 38.6% 71.7% 376 33 Buddhist 1.0% 0.3% 12 11 Hindu 0.8% 1.1% 71 32 Jewish 0.9% 0.5% 24 13 Muslim 36.4% 3.0% 1 1 Sikh 0.3% 0.6% 71 18 Other 0.3% 0.3% 165 30 No religion 14.2% 14.8% 206 23 Religion not stated 7.4% 7.7% 191 27 To start my research I used the internet to see whether I can find out which religions were practised in Newham. However I came across national statistics giving percentages of the different religions we have in the United Kingdom as you can see from the table below. The table below shows ‘ethnicity and religion’ I found that apart from Christians the second highest percentage was Muslim, and this is why I decided to mainly focus on them in this essay. statistics.gov.uk. I then went on to look at the percentages of religions in my particular place of interest; London borough of Newham. As you can see from the table below there is still a high percentage of Christians but still the next highest is Muslim being a considerable 24.3 percent. Ethnicity and Religion   national commentary Ethnic Group (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 White 39.4% 91.3% 376 33   Ã‚  Ã‚  Largest minority ethnic group(s) Black African (13.1%) Indian (12.1%) Bangladeshi (8.8%) Place of birth (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Born in UK 61.8% 91.1% 373 30 Born elsewhere in EU (inc Rep Ireland) 2.6% 2.3% 82 30 Born outside EU 35.6% 6.6% 2 2 Religion (all people) Value EW avg Eng Wal Rank/376 Regional Rank/33 Christian 46.8% 71.7% 373 31 Buddhist 0.7% 0.3% 25 22 Hindu 6.9% 1.1% 7 6 Jewish 0.2% 0.5% 104 32 Muslim 24.3% 3.0% 2 2 Sikh 2.8% 0.6% 16 5 Other 0.3% 0.3% 156 29 No religion 9.0% 14.8% 360 33 Religion not stated 9.0% 7.7% 24 11 I also found an article on the BBC website, where I found a section relating to how religion has caused segregation in London involving areas such as Newham and other neighbouring boroughs like Tower Hamlets. Religion not race segregates city London is far more segregated on religious grounds than by race, new research reveals. The university of East London has created a map showing the city as a patchwork of religious enclaves. It show that in some areas, minority religions make up 80% of the population. Only 3% of Londons seven million residents live in areas classed as racially segregated, but 25% live in religiously-segregated neighbourhoods. The study also questioned whether ministers are right after the 2001 race riots and the 7 July bombings to attempt to tackle segregation. Forge links The findings indicated living in segregated communities could actually benefit some of the minorities involved, although Muslims were more likely to be trapped in deprived areas and less likely to forge links with other groups living around them. Professor Allan Brimicombe, author of the study based on census data, said: Traditionally the amount of residential segregation in London has been looked at in terms of ethnicity. â€Å" Any government plan that talks about parallel lives and a lack of integration being a bad thing is missing the point its not bad for everybody † Professor Allan Brimicombe By ethnicity there is not very much residential segregation. But when you turn it around and look at religious self-identity we see there is a lot of segregation in London by minority religious groups. The citys religious breakdown was then compared with information indicating deprivation, such as educational qualifications and housing types. We found that a level of segregation actually seems to improve the lot of people living in areas that are segregated along religious self-identity lines, said the author. Muslims trapped The Jews, Hindus and Sikhs seem to be better off in areas that are dominated by their own religion, except for the Muslim-dominated areas which get progressively worse off as they become more segregated. Any government plan that talks about parallel lives and a lack of integration being a bad thing is missing the point its not bad for everybody. But for one group, the Muslims, they seem to be trapped in a spiral where they cant seem to move out of high deprivation areas. Concentrated communities of Muslims are found in the boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham; Jews in Harrow, Barnet and north Hackney; and Hindus in Brent. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6978116.stm This article has given me a different angle on religion as it talks about how religious communities keep together in an area. I feel that this sense of segregation created by religious groups may cause conflict among those from another religion. It sort of has the view of ‘looking after your own’ and therefore forms a rift between different religious groups. I also found a piece on the role spirituality and religion plays in healthcare, I really enjoyed reading this piece as it outlined the way and reasons people need religion and spirituality in their lives in times of illness and bad health. It helps them to support their emotional state through prayers and mediations to make sense of the reasons behind illness. â€Å"Spirituality and religion have always been an essential component of health and well-being. In modern times, the role of spirituality and religion in medicine encompasses such practices as the use of meditation and prayer in healing, pastoral counseling, evoking forgiveness and compassion, engaging the mystery of death in end of life care, and the search for meaning in illness for patients and families as well as the health professionals who work with them.   Integrative medicine acknowledges and promotes the importance of bringing spirituality into the healing process.† bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/ Also there has been research which has shown that having a religious faith; people do tend to have a better health status. I think this may be because religious people believe the preservation of life is vital and therefore do whatever they can to look after it and avoid things they believe would harm their bodies. â€Å"While there are challenges in conducting quantifiable scientific research on the effects of practices as unquantifiable as prayer, recent research has begun to shed light on the role of spirituality in health.   There is already some preliminary evidence for a connection between prayer and related practices and health outcomes, noted Catherine Stoney, PhD, an NCCAM Program Officer in the Division of Extramural Research and Training.   For example, weve seen some evidence that religious affiliation and religious practices are associated with health and mortality- in other words, with better health and longer life. Such connections may involve immune function, cardiovascular function, and/or other physiological changes.† â€Å"Research on prayer and healing has a spiritual dimension, suggests Larry Dossey, MD, an expert on the role of both consciousness and prayer in health. The primary reason to focus on the role of prayer in healing is not to prove its effectiveness, Dossey said. The best reason goes deeper.   Prayer says something incalculably important about who we are and what our destiny may be.† bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/ Conclusion: Whilst doing this assignment I have explored a range of different attitudes on health and religion, to see whether there is a link between having religious beliefs and better health. The use of sociological and psychological perspectives has helped me to aid my research of religious communities within the borough of Newham to see if religion affects health. I have mostly favoured the idea that religion does affect health and tried to find evidence to help me support this. I have realised that religion is an immense topic and has many different factors which involve health in a variety of ways. Health isn’t just about illness and disease, health consists of everyday social aspects in life for example happiness, good relationships, working etc. There needs to be a balance of everything an individual needs and craves in order to maintain a good health. After the research I carried out, through many sources, I feel I have a better knowledge on the community of Newham’s religion and health as I was unaware of how many religious groups were based in Newham and which religions were most dominant. It is distinctive that religion can have an overriding affect on health and my theories and findings have assisted me to display this. It has shown me the reasons for a particular religion to turn down medication for an illness and why they choose to do so.   Also it has helped me to be familiar with the motivation for them to eat the way they do and do things such as fast. I tried to find statistics on the internet on different cultures and diabetes but was unable to do so, but have discovered that diabetes is common amongst Muslims, also that some of the older generations of Muslims lack knowledge and understanding of the illness, due to fasting and then eating a high sugar diet to keep them going it is more likely that a Muslim person to contract diabetes. After a great deal of consideration and investigations I have come to the following conclusions that religion does have an effect on health and there are both negative and positive sides to it. For instance Muslims where they choose not to smoke or drink is a positive thing and Jehovah’s Witness who would refuse blood transfusions can be seen as negative if they require a blood transfusion in order to save their life. Nevertheless, people’s wishes due to their faith must be respected and valued. As a student nurse I felt this topic has enhanced my knowledge of the diverse and multicultural society we have.   After being in placement I have already gained an insight into the area, however I am aware that I will encounter people from different religions and will be in contact with them every day in my nursing career. I feel that now I have a much greater understanding of what I am to expect during my future placements. It has really helped me to understand the social and the psychological aspects of people from different religious backgrounds. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion newham.gov.uk/YourCouncil/CensusInformation/NewhamintheCensus-aSynopsis.htm askoxford.com/concise_oed/community?view=uk Groenman, N. H. (1992) Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nurses. Edinburgh: Campion Press http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community Cooke, H. and Philpin, S. (2008) Sociology in Nursing and Healthcare. Edinburgh : Baillià ¨re Tindall / Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Henley, A. and Schott, J. (1999) Culture, Religion and Patient Care in a Multi-Ethnic Society. London: Age Concern Books Walker, J., Payne, S., Smith, P. and Jarrett, N. (2007) Psychology for Nurses and the Caring Professions. 3rd ed. Maidenhead : Open University Press muslimhealthnetwork.org/islamandhealth.shtml Rana, D. and Upton, D. (1999) Psychology for Nurses. London: Pearson goodnewsblog.com/2007/04/23/can-prayer-influence-health newsmedical.net/news/2007/04/10/23336.aspx http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6978116.stm statistics.gov.uk statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00BB-A.asp#ethnic bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/

Edward Waters College Admissions - ACT Scores, Costs...

Edward Waters College Admissions - ACT Scores, Costs... Edward Waters College Admissions Overview: Edward Waters Colleges admissions are not highly selectivestudents with solid grades and test scores have a good chance of being admitted.  In addition to submitting an application (either online or through the mail), interested students will need to submit official scores from the SAT or ACT, and high school transcripts. For more information, be sure to visit the schools website; also, campus visits are always welcome so prospective students can determine if Edward Waters is a good match. Admissions Data (2016): Edward Waters College Acceptance Rate: 58%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 370 / 450SAT Math: 350 / 460SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 15  / 18ACT English: 12 / 17ACT Math: 15 / 17What these ACT numbers mean Edward Waters College Description: Edward Waters College is a four-year, private, historically black college located in Jacksonville, Florida. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest private institution of higher education in the state. EWC is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church and has over 900 students supported by a student faculty ratio of 17 to 1. The college offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Business Administration degrees in eight academic areas. Students stay active outside of the classroom through participating in a range of student clubs and organizations, as well as intramural basketball, volleyball, flag football, and Ping-Pong. The college also has a Greek system with four sororities and five fraternities. Varsity athletic teams compete in the NAIA Gulf Coast Athletic Conference, and the college’s volleyball, softball, baseball and women’s basketball teams have all won championships. EWC is proud of its Triple Threat Marching Band, and The Best of Flo rida Schools 2005 named EWC’s Purple Thunder Dance Squad as the Best Non-Traditional Dance Squad. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,062  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 46% Male / 54% Female29% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $13,525Room and Board: $7,282Other Expenses: $4,276Total Cost: $25,083 Edward Waters College Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 98%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97%Loans: 74%Average Amount of AidGrants: $10,791Loans: $6,281 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Psychology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 57%Transfer Out Rate: 20%4-Year Graduation Rate: 8%6-Year Graduation Rate: 26% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Cross Country, Basketball, Golf, BaseballWomens Sports:  Basketball, Volleyball, Track and Field, Softball, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Edward Waters, You May Also Like These Schools: Clark Atlanta University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlbama State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBenedict College: Profile  Albany State University: Profile  University of Florida: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Miami: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphShaw University: Profile  Savannah State University: Profile  Florida International University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJacksonsville University: Profile  Barry University: Profile

Cigarette warning labels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cigarette warning labels - Essay Example Currently, the habit is practiced by men and women, even one as young as two years old in China. (Two) In 1898, the Tennessee Supreme Court maintains a total ban on cigarettes, saying that its use is toxic to one’s health. In 1965, after the Surgeon General of the United States reported about the dangers of cigarette smoking, the U.S. Congress passed the Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act which stated that every cigarette pack must have a warning label claiming â€Å"Cigarettes may be hazardous to your health.† (History) Later on, Congress ordered companies to change their warning labels every three months and created four different labels to be used. These steps, however, did little to discourage the public from smoking. With the new cigarette health warning labels, consumers will not only be reading words that, as history has shown, have been easily ignored. The new labels are very visual. They would easily catch the attention of the consumers. Moreover, the pictures are extremely explicit in showing the dangers of smoking that would-be smokers may have second thoughts. The habit of smoking is too extensive and common to be stopped instantaneously and forcing smokers to stop infringes on their human rights. The new cigarette health warning labels are by far the best approach to making people realize smoking is hazardous and should be

Db3 program capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 program capstone - Research Paper Example For instance, labor migration, mobility and diversity are directly related to globalization. Many researchers, including Mujtaba (2007), focus on management challenges related to diversity management at work. Since all organizations are expected to create friendly, inclusive and non-discriminatory environment where all employees have equal opportunities, it is a real challenge. According to Drucker (2007), global changes have the greatest influence on internal climate in different organizations. Local markets merge and competition moves to global arena; it is the reason why organizations need to be more flexible than ever in order to survive this harsh competition. The outcomes of globalization need to be addressed complexly. Each consequence requires a special solution depending on corporate culture and people who work in the organization. Generally, diversity management practice and innovative approach to leadership and performance evaluations help organizations to work effectively in rapidly changing environment. In summary, globalization is an umbrella term for numerous changes and challenges in causes in world management practices and solutions. New work conditions, global competition, changes in work force and requirements make organizations change regularly in order to

Contingency Tables Essay Example for Free

Contingency Tables Essay The two nominal level variables are respondent’s sex and marital status. The independent variable is respondent’s sex and dependent variable is respondent’s marital status. The null and alternate hypotheses are Null hypothesis, H0: Marital status is independent of sex. Alternate Hypothesis, H1: Marital status is dependent on sex. The variable sex measures respondent’s gender. The valid categories of measurement for the variable sex are ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ and they are coded as 1 and 2, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. The variable marital status measures respondent marital status. The valid categories of measurement for the variable marital status are ‘Married’, ‘Widowed’, ‘Divorced’, ‘Separated’ and ‘Never married’ and they are coded as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. Majority (57. 3%) of the respondent’s were male. Majority (53. 0%) of the respondent’s were married. The percentage of respondents widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 11. 0%, 14. 2%, 2. 7% and 19. 1%, respectively. Table 1 shows the cross-tabulation of respondent’s marital status by sex. The distribution of male respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 59. 8%, 4. 8%, 11. 7, 1. 4% and 22. 2%, respectively. The distribution of female respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 48. 0%, 15. 6%, 16. 1, 3. 6% and 16. 8%, respectively. The table provides an evidence of correlation (association) between respondent’s sex and marital status in the sample. There appears a weak association between respondent’s sex and marital status. In general, the information summarized in the table 1 seems to provide evidence supporting research (alternate) hypothesis, as the distribution of male and females respondent’s for marital stratus are not similar. The value of nominal directional measure of association lambda is 0. This indicates no relationship between respondent’s sex and marital status that is knowing the respondent’s sex does not increase the ability to predict his or her marital status. This statistics (lambda) does not improve upon the use of column percentages to evaluate the given correlation.

Creon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay example --

Creon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Antigone Tragedy always involves human suffering, but not everyone who suffers is a Tragic Hero. According to Aristotle, there are five basic criteria that must be met for a character to be considered a Tragic Hero. Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy were recorded in his book of literacy theory titled Poetics. In it he has a great deal to say about the structure, purpose and intended effect of tragedy. His ideas have been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussed for several centuries. In this essay, I will examine these criteria in regards to Antigone’s Creon, King of Thebes. The first criterion states that to be a tragic hero, Creon must occupy a "high" status position, but must also embody nobility and virtue as part of his innate character. Creon fits this description quite accurately. We know at the beginning of the play that Creon is King of Thebes. Therefore, he occupies a stature of nobility. Furthermore, Creon’s innate character embodies virtue and nobility. For example, when talking to the Chorus at the beginning of the play, Creon says, "†¦anyone thinking/another man more a friend than his own country/I rate him nowhere†¦I would not be silent if I saw ruin, not safety†¦I would not count any enemy of my country as a friend" (Lines 202-210). His standards are set to the point where he would put his country above all else. He would do anything to protect his country; he would "not be silent if [he] saw ruin, not safety" (line 204). Also, Creon shows a high sense of morality when he properly buried Eteocles, Antigone’s brother. Antigone herself says this when speaking to her sister, Ismene, "Creon honored the one†¦Eteocles, they say he has used justly with lawful rites and hid him ... ...earn from. Finally, his punishment delivered by fate exceeds his crimes. Thus, according to Aristotle, Creon is the prefect tragic hero. Works Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Segal, Charles Paul. â€Å"Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone. Translated by R. C. Jebb. The Internet Classic Archive. no pag. http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.